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Social Studies Unit 5 – Exploration and Enlightenment Beginning to Explore In the ____________’s, it became harder to obtain ____________ from ______________ New taxes were imposed on __________________ along the _______________ Road Merchants were blocked from using the ___________________________ They began to look for a route to __________________ to obtain their _________ and spices Navigational Developments Technological advances led to new _______________________ tools and ____________ __________________ was used to find latitude Compass helped navigators find _____________________ north Ships became ________________ and smaller Strong Kingdoms By the end of the 1400’s, four strong __________________ developed in ________________ __________________, Spain, _____________________, England All four had _________________ harbors and were anxious to find a _________ route to Asia Portugal’s Early Exploration In 1419, “____________ the Navigator” set up a research center for ___________________ Portugal began mapping __________________ coastline Discovered _____________________ would grow on the islands Portugal then brought __________________ Africans to work the sugarcane ________ Route to East Asia 1497 – Vasco _____________ (Portugal) – rounds the tip of Africa and landed on India’s coast _______________ route to East Asia had now been found Christopher Columbus Columbus (__________) – attempted to get to Asia by sailing across the _________________ ________________ sponsored his voyage 1492 – Columbus landed in the _____________, near Cuba and Hispaniola, and claimed the land for _________________ Never realized he wasn’t in _____________; Europe later realized two huge ______________ had been reached Ferdinand Magellan Magellan (Spain) – wanted to sail around the _____________________ to reach Asia Found a way around ____________________ – passage named the __________ of Magellan Named a vast sea the ________________ Ocean because it was so ____________________ Magellan’s crew became the first known people to completely ____________ around the world Building Empires The Spanish built an ____________ in the Americas, forcing enslaved Native Americans and Africans to __________ the land ____________________ battled Spain for supremacy, exploring both North America and Asia ____________________ built a trading empire in Asia 1 Becoming Wealthy In order to grow wealth, the idea of ____________________ is developed – a country gains power by building up its _______________ of gold and _______________ Best way to do this is to __________ more to countries than you _____________ from them Setting Up Colonies Mercantilists ________________ countries to _________________ colonies ____________ – settlement of people living in a new territory controlled by their home country Colonists could produce ______________ the country does not have Doing Business 1600’s – new ways of doing ________________ developed in ________________ ________________ – buying and ___________ of goods in large amounts over long distances Becoming Global Exploration led to a __________ exchange of goods, technology, ideas and ______________ Movement of _____________ also took place – millions of Africans became enslaved to help _________________ the new goods that were being exchanged Understanding the Natural World New ways of thinking led to a ________________, sweeping ___________, in the way science was understood ____________________ – explanation of how or why something happens People began to _______________ with or test theories to see if they were ___________ Copernicus Nicolas Copernicus (______________) – developed his own theory on the _____________ Stated that the _________, not Earth, was the ______________ of the universe _____________________ moved in __________________ paths around the Sun Kepler Johannes Kepler (Germany) – his ideas marked the beginnings of modern _______________ Explained that planets moved in __________________ or oval paths Galileo Galileo Galilei (Italy) – believed new _______________ came through careful experimentation Determined that objects _________ at the same speed regardless of their _____________ Improved instruments like the clock and _____________________ 1593 – invented a ______________________________ that measured temperature changes Newton Isaac Newton (_______________) – ideas led to the rise of modern _________________ Universal law of _______________ – force of gravity holds the solar system together by keeping the sun and planets in their ___________________ 2 Science and Medicine Breakthroughs in __________________ occurred in England in the 1600’s William Harvey – ___________________ flowed through the human body Robert _____________ – discovered _________________ using a microscope The Scientific Method Francis ____________ (England) – developed the __________________________________ – orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence Method begins with a __________________; experimentation will tell if the hypothesis is true Age of Enlightenment 1700’s became known as the Age of ______________________ because _______________ became a “light” that showed the way to ___________________ Political thinkers applied reason to ideas about _____________________, and claimed there was a _____________________ law _____________________ – law that applied to everyone and could be understood by reason Hobbes Thomas Hobbes (England) – argued that natural law made ________________ monarchy the best form of ___________________________ ____________________ – government ran by a king or queen who _______________ power Believed humans couldn’t be ___________________ to make their own decisions because they were naturally __________________ and ___________________ Locke John Locke (England) – natural law gave all people _____________________ from their birth Right to life, _________________, and to own ___________________ Purpose of government is to __________________ those rights Governments were based on a _______________ – agreement between rulers and the people People had the right to _______________ if natural rights were taken away Montesquieu Baron Montesquieu (France) – separation of powers made ___________ government the best __________ of powers – power should be equally divided among the branches of government Government couldn’t become too ___________________ if its’ rights were separated Separating the Powers of Government Legislative – _____________ the laws ___________ – enforce the laws Judicial – _______________ the laws Voltaire Voltaire (France) – opposed the government supporting one _________ and forbidding others Thought people should be _____________ to choose their own ______________ Women and the Enlightenment ______________n thinkers began their calls for rights in the 1700’s Mary _____________________(England) – seen by many as the founder of the movement for women’s rights She believed that all humans have ________, so women should have the same rights as men 3 Movement Against Enlightenment Late 1700’s – some European thinkers began to ______________ Enlightenment ideas Jean-Jacques _______________ (Geneva) – believed the Enlightenment relied too much on reason; more attention should be paid to ___________________ Rousseau’s Social Contract Rousseau wrote The Social _________________ In it, he wrote that a ___________________ should be based on a social contract Agreement where everyone in a society agrees to be governed by the general _______ Age of Absolutism Powerful kings and queens in Europe ___________________ Enlightenment ideas of _____________________ government power ______________________ – system of rule in which monarchs held total power and claimed to rule by the _____________ of God Even as absolutism existed, ideas of _____________ were spreading and threatened kings and queens 4