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Chapter 9 Baroque Instrumental Music Concerto and Concerto Grosso: Vivaldi Key Terms Concerto Concerto grosso Concertare Movement Ritornello form Ritornello Archlute Variation form Basso continuo Chaconne Passacaglia Ground Ground bass Double listening Baroque Instrumental Music (1) For the first time, listeners & musicians took instrumental music seriously Rise of instrumental music paralleled improvements in instrument-building • Stradivarius, Silbermann, etc. How long should a piece be? • With vocal music, when the words are done • With instrumental music, no equivalent guide • Instrumental forms & genres had to provide guidelines Baroque Instrumental Music (2) How to extend purely instrumental music in time in a logical manner? • Repetition, return, sequence, & imitation • Begin & end in the same key How to create interest and drama? • Contrast & variation • Modulate to other keys in the middle • String contrasting movements together Baroque forms and genres combine these techniques in various ways Concerto and Concerto Grosso The most important orchestral genres of the Baroque era Latin concertare = to contend Concerto signifies a contest between— • Soloist & orchestra (concerto) • Group of soloists & orchestra (concerto grosso) • Virtuoso brilliance of solos & orchestra’s power, stability Movements Movement = self-contained section of a larger work Many Baroque works create drama & length by stringing together several short, contrasting pieces (movements) A typical concerto has three movements • I – bright, extroverted, in a fast tempo • II – slower, quieter, more emotional • III – similar to 1st movement, often faster Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Famous as violinist & composer Most popular Baroque concerto composer • Four Seasons his most popular work Wrote over 500 concertos The “Red Priest” was also music teacher at a Venetian orphanage • Renowned for quality of musical training • Famous for student concerts Frequent travel to perform his concertos & operas in musical centers of Europe Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G Vivaldi concertos often published in sets of 6 or 12 • Sets often given descriptive titles— La stravaganza (Extravagance), Four Seasons, or L’estro armonico (Harmonic Whims) Op. 4, No. 12 is the last concerto in his fourth published set (Latin opus = work) Concerto for solo violin & orchestra Uses standard three-movement format • I & III fast, brilliant, ritornello form • II slower, gentler, ground bass form Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, I (1) Tempo “Spirited, not too fast” • Subdivides into three short sections–a, b, c • Alternates between 1st & 2nd violin sections
