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World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP® Seventh Edition
Chapter
2
Early Civilizations, 3500–
600 B.C.E.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Chapter Overview
I. Civilization
II. Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
III.Egyptian Civilization
IV.Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared
V. River Valley Civilization in India
VI.China
VII.Early Civilizations in the Americas
VIII.The End of the River Valley Period
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 2.1 This detail from Egyptian tomb
art shows a husband and wife harvesting grain.
As dictated by patriarchal values, the husband
takes the lead in the work and the wife follows,
but in Egypt, unlike Mesopotamia, men and
women were depicted working together.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Civilization
• Defining civilization
– Economic surplus, distributed unequally
– Formal governments with bureaucracies
– System of writing
– Urban centers
• Problematic definition
– Cities and writing not found in early
agricultural settlements
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Civilization
• Criticism
– "Civilization" connoting "better"
 Progress
 Superiority
 Yet cruelty, rudeness in civilized societies
– Mass overuse of land
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
TIMELINE
5000 B.C.E.–500 B.C.E.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
• Mesopotamia
– Civilization developed from scratch
• Sumeria
– Writing
 Cuneiform: stylus on clay tablets
• Phonetic
• Scribes
– Art
– Astronomy, numeric system
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 2.1 Early Sumer
The civilization fanned out along the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 2.2 One of the early uses of writing
was to mark property boundaries. This picture
shows cuneiform writing on a Mesopotamian
map from about 1300 B.C.E. The map focuses
on defining the king's estate, with sections for
priests and for key gods such as Marduk. In
what ways did writing improve property maps?
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
• Sumeria
– Religion
 Patron gods
 Ziggurats
– Political and Social Organization
 City-States
• Establish boundaries
 Kings
• Defense, war
– Strong patriarchal family structure
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
• The Akkadian Empire
– Sargon I
 c. 2400 B.C.E.
 To Egypt and Ethiopia
• The Babylonian Empire
– c. 1800
B.C.E.,
unites under Hammurabi
 Law Code
– Scientific knowledge expanded
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 2.3 A translation of the map shown
in Figure 2.2. (University of Pennsylvania
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
Neg.#S4-13970)
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 2.2 Mesopotamia in Maps
This map shows the location of Sumer and two
later empires in the Middle East and eastern
Mediterranean.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Egyptian Civilization
• Farming by 5000 B.C.E.
• Civilization emerges by 3200 B.C.E.
– Difference: no city-states
• Government
– Pharaoh, intermediary between gods and
men
 Pyramids from 2700
B.C.E.
– Bureaucracy
– Regional governors
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 2.3 Egypt, Kush, and
Axum, Successive Dynasties
Egypt weakened, kingdoms
farther up the Nile and deeper
into Africa rose in importance.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 2.4 The statue known to the West as
the Sphinx and to the Arabsas the Father of
Terror has the head of a man, wearing the
royal headdress of ancient Egypt, and the body
of a lion. At 200 feet long and 65 feet tall, it
was the largest single-stone statue in the
ancient world. Exactly who built it and when is
unknown, but it is believed to have been
constructed as the guardian of the Necropolis
at Giza (home of the Great Pyramids) and a
symbol of the power of the pharaohs.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Egyptian Civilization
• Kush
– Interacted with and eventually invaded Egypt
• Ideas and Art
– Hieroglyphic alphabet
 Pictograms, phonetic
 Invented paper= papyrus
– 24-hour day
– Rosetta Stone- key to translating hieroglyphics
– Monumental labor force for pyramids
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared
• Geography, invasion influence
• Political form
– Mesopotamian city-states
– Egyptian centralized government- Pharoh
– Both with elite groups at the top
• Treatment of women- Somewhat Equal
• Mathematic findings
– Decimal system based on 10s
– 30 day, 12 month calendar- 365 day year
• Lasting heritages in their regions
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Women in Patriarchal Societies
• Agricultural civilizations
–Higher birth rate for work
–Property ownership of males
–Patriarchal society develops
 Males dominate political life
 Female roles submissive
–Women
 Some religious roles
 Emotional roles, indirect control of men
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
River Valley Civilization in India
• Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium
B.C.E.
– Indus River system
– Valley plains, snow-fed rivers
– The Great Cities of the Indus Valley
Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro
 Densely populated
 Drainage systems
 Grain storage
 Extensive trade
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 2.4 India in the Age of Harappa and
the Early Aryan Migrations
Although South Asia's first civilization was
located in the Indus valley in the northwest,
the Aryan invasions from southwest Asia led to
extensive settlement in the Ganges valley to
the east and to internal migrations that gave
rise to the splendid Dravidian civilization in the
Deccan and Tamilland further south.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
River Valley Civilization in India
• Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.
– Conservative tool use
 Vulnerable to attack
– Decline
 Flooding, environmental changes
 Invasions, migrations
 Violence
 Complete destruction of culture
• So much so that later migrants had no use
for their cities
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
River Valley Civilization in India
• After Harappa's Fall
– Period of Aryan migrations
– Vedas
 Sanskrit
– Epic Age, 1000-600
B.C.E.
 Mahabharata, Ramayana
 The Upanishads
– Tight levels of village organization
 Social inequality
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
China
• Huanghe (Yellow River)
– Controlled river with dikes
• Shang dynasty (c. 1500
B.C.E.)
– Fought on horseback
– State takes on cultural responsibilities
– Ideographs—about 3000 in Shang era
• Science
• Silk manufacturing
• Ancestor worship and rituals
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 2.5 This elaborately decorated
bronze vessel from the Shang era shows the
sophisticated artistic expression achieved very
early in Chinese history. It also demonstrates a
high level of metalworking ability, which carried
over into Shang weapons and tools. Although
the design of these ritual vessels often was
abstract, mythical creatures such as dragons
and sacred birds were deftly cast in bronzes
that remain some of the great treasures of
Chinese art.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 2.5
China in the Shang and Zhou
Eras
As this map of early centers of Chinese
civilization depicts dramatically, Chinese
peoples occupied only a small portion of the
area that would correspond to China from the
last centuries B.C.E. to the present day.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
China
• The Zhou Dynasty (c. 1029–700
B.C.E.)
– Followed Shang dynasty
– A feudal period
– Encouraged southward movement of
settlement
– "Mandate of heaven"
 Divine support of rulers
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Early Civilizations in the Americas
• Reasons for later development
– Later development of agriculture
– Fewer domesticated animals
– North–south travel across climates
– Lack of metalwork, the wheel
• Limited archaeological remains
– Little evidence, like Harappa
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 2.6 The origins of the Olmecs remain
shrouded in mystery. Some of their enormous
stone sculptures seem to have distinctively
African features that indicate possible
transatlantic contact. Similar features also have
been found in early Khmer art from southeast
Asia.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Early Civilizations in the Americas
• The Olmecs
– c. 1500 B.C.E.
– Sculpture of giant stone heads
– Formal calendar
– Hereditary elite
• Chavin and the Andean World
– Difficult transportation
– Levels of agriculture encouraging trade
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Early Civilizations in the Americas
• Chavin and the Andean World
– Chavin de Huantar
 850–250 B.C.E.
 Large temple platforms
 Active craft population
 Influence unknown
 Continuing agriculture and population
growth despite decline
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The End of the River Valley Period
• River valley societies widely separated
– No single development as transition out of
this period
• The Heritage of the River Valley
Civilizations
– Lasting impact of the first civilizations
 Basic ideas about social structures
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The End of the River Valley Period
• The Heritage of the River Valley
Civilizations
– Basic tools of civilization
 Writing
 Mathematics
 Political forms
– Enduring divisions among global
populations
– Legacy of Egypt and Mesopotamia
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The End of the River Valley Period
• New States and Peoples around 1000
B.C.E.
– Phoenicians
 New alphabet from about 1300 B.C.E.
 Active as traders in the Mediterranean
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The End of the River Valley Period
• Judaism
– Semitic peoples
 Settled in Eastern Mediterranean from 1200
B.C.E.
 Special relationship with their deity
 Hebrew bible
• Moral code
• Appropriate forms of worship
 Monotheism
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
A Sumerian clay tablet with cuneiform
characters aimed at tallying numbers of sheep
and goats as part of early agriculture.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved