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Psychological Perspectives Page 1 There are many approaches in modern psychology. y An Approach is a perspective (view), that involves certain beliefs about human behavior. The way they function , which aspects are worth studying. Each perspective has its strenghs and weaknesses They bring something different to our understanding of human behavior. Page 2 Psychological Perspectives Biological (Biopsychology) Evolutionary Cognitive Humanistic Psychoanalitic Learning Socio-cultural Page 3 Biological Perspective: Is a way of looking at psychological topics by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. It involves such things as studying the immune system, nervous system, and genetics. This field of psychology is also known as Biopsychology. This perspective has grown in recent years. Now we have more tecnology to study the brain and nervous system. Scientists use tools such as Brain Scans: •PET (Position Emission Tomography) •MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) MRI SCAN •This scans help doctors observe human brains at work, since this methods are non-invasive, researchers can do hundreds of scans to the same person and obtain detailed information about brain activity and structure. Page 4 Evolutionary Perspective Is focused on the study of how evolution explains physiological processes. Psychologists and researchers take the basic principles of evolution, including natural selection, and apply them to psychological phenomena. This perspective suggests that these mental processes exist because they serve an evolutionary purpose – they aid in survival and reproduction. This approach focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes. They believe in the struggle for survival, most adaptive organisms have a greater chance of surviving to maturity . People who are naturally resistant to certain diseases are more likely to transmit their genes to future generations. Page 5 •This the one of the most popular approach in psychology today. •The word Cognition refers to thinking or using mental processes. •For Cognitive Psychology the most important human ability is that we can take information from our environment, analyze it and come up with a solution to almost any problem. •So we are foremost thinking creatures , able to compare the past with the present and make judgements, we are special because we can change our thought patterns after looking at different problems and decide on the best approach. •Our personalities are made up of different kinds of sentences (thoughts) that we have inside our heads. If we pay a lot of attention, we will notice that there are many times during the day, when we are having a conversation with ourselfs inside our heads. Page 6 The Cognitive tradition has its roots in Socrates maxim “Know Thyself”, and in his method of Introspection. Cognitive psychologists believe that people´s behavior is influenced by their values, their perceptions and their choices. They view our strategies for solving problems as mental programs operated by our very own personal computers the brain. Page 7 The Humanistic Perspective In this approach consciousness is seen as the force that shapes human personality. Humanistic psychology considers peoples´s personal experiences to be the most important aspect of psychology. They believe that self-awareness, experience and choice permit us to “invent ourselves”. They view people as basically good and desiring to be helpful to others. Humanistic psychologists help people explore their feelings, manage their negative impulses, and realize their potential. They insist that inner experience is vital to the understanding of human nature. Page 8