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PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCCCUNY 12a FOCUS ON Your Risk for Diabetes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Your Risk for Diabetes • Diabetes currently affects 23.6 million Americans. • Since 1980, incidence has increased over 50 percent among U.S adults. • Diabetes is up by almost 70 percent among those in their thirties. • 7.8 percent of the population has some form of diabetes. • Approximately 225,000 people die each year from diabetesrelated complications. • It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States today. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Percentage of Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes? Diabetes Mellitus • Disease characterized by a persistently high level of sugar (glucose) in the blood • Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body fails to use insulin effectively • Hyperglycemia—high blood glucose levels seen in diabetes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes? In Healthy People, Glucose Is Taken Up Efficiently by Body Cells • Carbohydrates from the foods are broken down into a monosaccharide called glucose. • Liver and muscle cells store glucose as glycogen, then use it as needed to fuel metabolism, movement, and other activities • Pancreas—an organ located just beneath the stomach that secretes a hormone called insulin • Insulin—hormone secreted by the pancreas and required by body cells for the uptake and storage of glucose Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Diabetes: What It Is and How It Develops Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes? Types of Diabetes • Type 1 diabetes • Type 2 diabetes • Gestational diabetes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes? Type 1 Diabetes Is an Immune Disorder • Autoimmune disease • Without insulin, cells cannot take up glucose, and blood glucose levels become permanently elevated. • Formally called juvenile diabetes • Symptoms include persistent hunger, weight loss, excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue • Require daily insulin injections or infusions and careful monitoring of diet and exercise levels Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes? Type 2 Diabetes Is a Metabolic Disorder • Accounts for 90 to 95 percent of all diabetes cases • Either the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin or body cells are resistant to its effects (insulin resistance). • Development of the Disease • The overabundance of free fatty acids contributes to insulin resistance. • As the progression to type 2 diabetes continues, pancreatic insulin-producing cells become exhausted from overwork and damage occurs. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes? Type 2 Diabetes • Nonmodifiable risk factors • Increased age • Certain ethnicities (Native Americans and African Americans) • Genetic factors • Biological factors Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes? Type 2 Diabetes • Modifiable risk factors • Decrease body weight • Increase level of physical activity • Increase sleep • Decrease level of stress Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes? Gestational Diabetes Develops during Pregnancy • A state of high blood glucose that is first recognized in a woman during pregnancy • Occurs in 3 to 8 percent of all pregnancies • Women with gestational diabetes have a significantly increased risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after giving birth. • Increased risk of birth-related complications, damage to the fetus, and possible fetal death Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes? Pre-Diabetes Can Lead to Type 2 Diabetes • A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes • Affects more than 25 percent of the adult population • A ticking time bomb; if it’s not “defused,” diabetes will eventually strike Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Diabetes and What Causes It? Pre-Diabetes Plays a Role in Metabolic Syndrome • Metabolic syndrome (MetS)—Cluster of six conditions linked to overweight and obesity • Pre-diabetes and central adiposity appear to be the dominant factors for development of MetS. • A person with MetS is 5 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than a person without the syndrome. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes? • Thirst • Excessive urination • Weight loss • Fatigue • Nerve damage • Blurred vision • Poor wound healing and increased infections Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes? Diabetes Has Severe Complications • Diabetic ketoacidosis • Cardiovascular disease • Kidney disease • Amputations • Eye disease and blindness • Flu and pneumonia-related deaths • Tooth and gum disease Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Complications of Uncontrolled Diabetes Include Amputation and Eye Disease Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes? Blood Tests Are Used to Diagnose and Monitor Diabetes • Fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) • Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) • Hemoglobin A1C test Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. How Is Diabetes Treated? Lifestyle Changes Can Improve Glucose Levels • Weight Loss • Recommended goal is to lose 5 to 10 percent of current weight • Adopting a Healthy Diet • Whole grains • Coffee • Fatty fish • Increasing Physical Fitness • The Diabetes Prevention Program recommends 30 minutes of physical activity 5 days a week Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. How Is Diabetes Treated? Oral Medications and Weight Loss Surgery Can Help • Medications can • Reduce glucose production by the liver • Slow the absorption of carbohydrates from the small intestine • Increase insulin production by the pancreas • Increase the insulin sensitivity of cells • People who have undergone gastric bypass surgery appear to have high rates of cure. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. How Is Diabetes Treated? Insulin Injections May Be Necessary • Essential for those with type 1 diabetes • Essential for people with type 2 diabetes whose blood glucose levels cannot be adequately controlled with other treatment options • Insulin cannot be taken in pill form because it is a protein and would be digested in the gastrointestinal tract. • Most people use an insulin infusion pump. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. How Is Diabetes Treated? Diabetes Care Can Be Expensive • On average, health care costs for diabetics are $15,000 to $25,000 higher per year than for healthy patients. • The direct and indirect costs of treating diabetes in the United States total $174 billion per year. • The costs related to undiagnosed diabetes are unknown. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Can You Do to Prevent Pre-Diabetes? • Consider your risk factors. • If you are at high risk, talk to your health care provider about diabetes screening. • If you are overweight, lose weight. • Exercise. • Consume a low fat, low sodium, high fiber diet. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.