Download Diabetes

PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by
Dr. Lana Zinger, QCCCUNY
12a
FOCUS ON
Your Risk for
Diabetes
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Your Risk for Diabetes
• Diabetes currently affects 23.6 million Americans.
• Since 1980, incidence has increased over 50 percent among
U.S adults.
• Diabetes is up by almost 70 percent among those in their
thirties.
• 7.8 percent of the population has some form of diabetes.
• Approximately 225,000 people die each year from diabetesrelated complications.
• It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States
today.
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Percentage of Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes
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What Is Diabetes?
 Diabetes Mellitus
• Disease characterized by a persistently high level of sugar
(glucose) in the blood
• Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body fails to
use insulin effectively
• Hyperglycemia—high blood glucose levels seen in diabetes
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What Is Diabetes?
 In Healthy People, Glucose Is Taken Up Efficiently
by Body Cells
• Carbohydrates from the foods are broken down into a
monosaccharide called glucose.
• Liver and muscle cells store glucose as glycogen, then use it
as needed to fuel metabolism, movement, and other activities
• Pancreas—an organ located just beneath the stomach that
secretes a hormone called insulin
• Insulin—hormone secreted by the pancreas and required by
body cells for the uptake and storage of glucose
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Diabetes: What It Is and How It Develops
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What Is Diabetes?
 Types of Diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes
• Type 2 diabetes
• Gestational diabetes
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What Is Diabetes?
 Type 1 Diabetes Is an Immune Disorder
• Autoimmune disease
• Without insulin, cells cannot take up glucose, and blood
glucose levels become permanently elevated.
• Formally called juvenile diabetes
• Symptoms include persistent hunger, weight loss, excessive
thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue
• Require daily insulin injections or infusions and careful
monitoring of diet and exercise levels
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What Is Diabetes?
 Type 2 Diabetes Is a Metabolic Disorder
• Accounts for 90 to 95 percent of all diabetes cases
• Either the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin or body
cells are resistant to its effects (insulin resistance).
• Development of the Disease
• The overabundance of free fatty acids contributes to
insulin resistance.
• As the progression to type 2 diabetes continues,
pancreatic insulin-producing cells become exhausted
from overwork and damage occurs.
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What Is Diabetes?
 Type 2 Diabetes
• Nonmodifiable risk factors
• Increased age
• Certain ethnicities (Native Americans and African
Americans)
• Genetic factors
• Biological factors
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What Is Diabetes?
 Type 2 Diabetes
• Modifiable risk factors
• Decrease body weight
• Increase level of physical activity
• Increase sleep
• Decrease level of stress
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What Is Diabetes?
 Gestational Diabetes Develops during Pregnancy
• A state of high blood glucose that is first recognized in a
woman during pregnancy
• Occurs in 3 to 8 percent of all pregnancies
• Women with gestational diabetes have a significantly
increased risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years
after giving birth.
• Increased risk of birth-related complications, damage to the
fetus, and possible fetal death
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Diabetes?
 Pre-Diabetes Can Lead to Type 2 Diabetes
• A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than
normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes
• Affects more than 25 percent of the adult population
• A ticking time bomb; if it’s not “defused,” diabetes will
eventually strike
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What Is Diabetes and What Causes It?
 Pre-Diabetes Plays a Role in Metabolic Syndrome
• Metabolic syndrome (MetS)—Cluster of six conditions
linked to overweight and obesity
• Pre-diabetes and central adiposity appear to be the dominant
factors for development of MetS.
• A person with MetS is 5 times more likely to develop type 2
diabetes than a person without the syndrome.
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What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes?
• Thirst
• Excessive urination
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Nerve damage
• Blurred vision
• Poor wound healing and increased infections
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What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes?
 Diabetes Has Severe Complications
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Cardiovascular disease
• Kidney disease
• Amputations
• Eye disease and blindness
• Flu and pneumonia-related deaths
• Tooth and gum disease
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Complications of Uncontrolled Diabetes Include
Amputation and Eye Disease
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What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes?
 Blood Tests Are Used
to Diagnose and
Monitor Diabetes
• Fasting plasma glucose
test (FPG)
• Oral glucose tolerance
test (OGTT)
• Hemoglobin A1C test
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How Is Diabetes Treated?
 Lifestyle Changes Can Improve Glucose Levels
• Weight Loss
• Recommended goal is to lose 5 to 10 percent of current
weight
• Adopting a Healthy Diet
• Whole grains
• Coffee
• Fatty fish
• Increasing Physical Fitness
• The Diabetes Prevention Program recommends 30
minutes of physical activity 5 days a week
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How Is Diabetes Treated?
 Oral Medications and Weight Loss Surgery Can
Help
• Medications can
• Reduce glucose production by the liver
• Slow the absorption of carbohydrates from the small
intestine
• Increase insulin production by the pancreas
• Increase the insulin sensitivity of cells
• People who have undergone gastric bypass surgery appear to
have high rates of cure.
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How Is Diabetes Treated?
 Insulin Injections May Be Necessary
• Essential for those with type 1 diabetes
• Essential for people with type 2 diabetes whose blood
glucose levels cannot be adequately controlled with other
treatment options
• Insulin cannot be taken in pill form because it is a protein
and would be digested in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Most people use an insulin infusion pump.
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How Is Diabetes Treated?
 Diabetes Care Can Be Expensive
• On average, health care costs for diabetics are $15,000 to
$25,000 higher per year than for healthy patients.
• The direct and indirect costs of treating diabetes in the
United States total $174 billion per year.
• The costs related to undiagnosed diabetes are unknown.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Can You Do to Prevent Pre-Diabetes?
• Consider your risk factors.
• If you are at high risk, talk to your health care provider
about diabetes screening.
• If you are overweight, lose weight.
• Exercise.
• Consume a low fat, low sodium, high fiber diet.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.