Download Programming languages

Computer software:
There are at least six step developmental
procedures the programmer:
Define problem
Make or buy decision
Design program
Code program
Debug program
Document program
Programming
The program is coded or written in a
programming language available to the
computer system.
Five generators of programming languages are
now available.
Programming languages:
Machine  first generation (least advanced)
Assembly  second generation
Procedural  third generation
Problem oriented  fourth generation
Natural  fifth generation (most advanced)
Procedural languages
They are high-level languages because they
are similar to human languages.
They include:
BASIC–COBOL– FORTRAN –PASCAL– C
Problem oriented languages
They were developed to simplify the
programming process and are intended for
use in specific applications
Natural languages
They are the highest level of programmable
languages. The goal of these languages is to
resemble human speech. They are applied to
expert systems and artificial intelligence
applications.
Applications at software
They are programs developed to perform
specific types of work such as the creation of
text and images, manipulation of words and
numbers or communication of information.
Applications at software
Five general-purpose applications programs are
common. There are intended for words processing,
spreadsheets, graphics, database management and
communications.
If all these applications programs are available in one
package, it is referred to as Integrated software
Example: Microsoft works , first choice , framework
and symphony
Operating systems
An operating system (OS) is a program that
controls the collection and usage of computer
hardware resources such as memory, central
processing unit (CPU) time, disk space and
peripheral devices.
System software
Are programs and data that comprise and
relate to OS.
They include at least four types of programs:1- a bootstrap loader
2- diagnostic routines
3- input – output system programs
4- the OS
System software
The bootstrap loader:
Is a program stored in ROM that starts up the
computer and loads the OS into primary
memory.
 Diagnostic routines
Ensure the CPU, the primary memory and
other internal hardware are in proper working
order.

System software
The OS:
Performs system initialization, memory and
file management, and input-output control.
It also facilitates multitasking and
multiprocessing, depending on its
capabilities.

Software interfacing
It is the point which a connection is made
between two elements so they can work
together. There are three types of software
interfaces:
 Command-driven
 Menu-driven
 Graphic interfaces
Command-driven
Is characteristic of command-driven programs, which
require the user to type in commands from the
computer console to initiate the operation of the
system.
The user must therefore learn and remember a set of
commands for previous programs.
Example: DIR or dir
Enables the user of IBM or IBM-compatible
microcomputers to look at the system directry.
Menu-driven programs
Use menu-driven interfaces that allow the user
to select commands from a displayed list,
menu list, displayed bar or menu bar.
This is easier because they do not have to
remember numerous commands. Therefore,
they are user friendly programs.
Graphic interface
Enables the user to chose commands, start
programs and see lists of files and other
options by pointing to pictorial
representations (icons) and lusts of menu
items on the screen.
The concept was developed by Xerox and
originally used by Apple to develop the
Macintosh operating system. It is also
available for IBM microcomputers as
Microsoft Windows or Windows
Windows
Two important characteristics of windows:

Plug-and-ply technology:
Enables the computer to automatically
configure it self when anything new is
added.

Object-linking and embedding
technology:
Allows the user to link or embed documents
Windows NT
Is noted for its stability and is best suited to
networked environments, making it a
candidates for use in the digital radiology
department. Windows NT is already used in
several work stations for medical imaging.