Download bound morphemes

Welcome!
ASL 3 Lecture Day
From last year’s
classifier PPT
CL:3 “surface pass under
vehicle” – signed at eye level
indicates “I saw the car go by”
Valli p.91
Perspectives- ASL 3
• Classifier predicates are not limited
to one location. For example (Valli
p.90):
ASL 3
• Classifiers are bound morphemesthey have no meaning on their own,
but must be used in conjunction with
their noun
• ASL 3: locatives- “lock” in place
• Classifier movement can show several
types of meaning
• Eg. Two ways of showing cars in a
row: cl cl cl , or sweeping (concept of
more than one)
Test Question:
• 12.Classifiers are:
•
A. bound morphemes
• B. free morphemes
• 13.True or false:
• Perspective is important in
ASL classifier predicates,
and can show whether the
signer is viewing the
predicate or not.
Classifiers- examples
• http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/page
s-signs/c/classifiers.htm
Misc. Grammar:
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•
•
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Noun verb pairs- reduplication
Minimal Pairs- ASL vs. English
Language acquisition vs. learning
(acquisition naturally occurs, learning
is in a class setting, trying to present
real-world opportunities but limited
• Socialize and find real-world
opportunities
Blocking Environmental
Interference
• = Tuning out sounds around you
• The trick: learning when to ignore sound
vs. pay attention to it
• Difference in a conversation vs.
interpreting
Time Lag
• The amount of time from when the
person spoke to when you interpret
their signs
• The greater the time lag in ASL
interpreting, the more accurate the
interpretation- to a point
• Issues: the longer the time lag, the
more likely you are to forget
information
• Skilled interpreters develop this over
time
• Types of Registers:
• Frozen: Printed unchanging language. Examples: Biblical quotes,
Pledge of Allegiance, wedding vows, and other "static" speeches
recited. The wording is exactly the same every time it is spoken.
• Formal: One-way participation, no interruption. Technical
vocabulary or exact definitions are important. Includes
presentations or introductions between strangers.
• Consultative: Two-way participation. Background information is
provided — prior knowledge is not assumed. "Behavior such as "uh
huh", "I see", etc. is common. Interruptions are allowed. Examples
include teacher/student, doctor/patient, expert/apprentice, etc.
• Casual: In-group friends and acquaintances. No background
information provided. Ellipsis and slang common. Interruptions
common. This is common among friends in a social setting.
• Intimate: Non-public. Intonation more important than wording or
grammar. Private vocabulary. Also includes non-verbal messages.
This is most common among family members and close friends.
Advanced ASL
Levels of Discourse in Linguistics
and ASL examples
Levels of Meaning
Sociolinguistics, Narration
Semantics, Pragmatics, Prosody
S y n t a x
Morphology
Phonology
Phonology (this slide only- not on test)
• Phonology: Organization of speech
sounds in a particular language (same
sounds, different sound inventories);
organization of parts of signs in
signed languages
• Phonetics: The study of speech
sounds or parts of signs
– Articulatory (production)
– Acoustic (transmission)
– Auditory (perception)
Phonology
• The study of how languages organize
the smallest parts of words or signs
• A phoneme represents the distinctive
unit that if changed will create a
minimal pair (ASL minimal pair e.g.HOME vs. DEAF)
• Phonetics is the study of how the
signs (or sounds) are realized during
communication (ASL e.g.-STUDENT)
Phonology vs. Morphology
• Phonology studies the smallest contrastive
parts of language (e.g. in ASL: holds,
movements).
• The parts of language studied in phonology do
not have meaning in isolation.
English e.g. letters: s-i-t-s;
ASL e.g. handshape (flat:o)
• Morphology is the study of the smallest
meaningful units in language, and how language
uses these units to build signs (or words).
• Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a
language
Morphology
• Morpheme: the smallest unit of meaning
in a language
• E.g. happily- English: = happy + ly
(often “happily” =NMS attached to sign)
• E.g.
ASL= HAPPY + NMS
• ASL: “careless” from NMS (tongue)
• English: present progressive -ing
Morphemes
• Free Morphemes
• Bound Morphemes
Free Morphemes
• Morphemes that can occur as
independent units, that can occur by
themselves
• English e.g. cat, sit
• ASL e.g. CAT, LOUSY
Bound Morphemes
• Morphemes that must occur with
other morphemes, that cannot occur
as independent units
• English e.g. plural -s- ‘cats’ and third
person -s- ‘sits’
• ASL e.g. the 3 handshape: THREEWEEKS and THREE-MONTHS
Syntax
• Syntax: rules for making sentences,
based on grammar- word order, etc.
Note on Language Assessment/Usage:
• Competence: what you know about a
language, including its syntax
• Performance: how you use the
language (errors, etc.)
Sentences
• Sentences in language are infinite
• Finite (limited) set of rules for
making sentences
• Language users know these rules,
whether conscious or unconscious
Semantics
• The literal meaning of a sign/word
• A chair is a chair is a chair… or is it?
• Perception influences semantics
Semantics: The sense of a
word… its literal meaning
• Chair
• Dog
Pragmatics
• Communicating more than what is
literally stated or signed
• Adds to the semantic meaning
• Depends on the speaker/signer,
addressee, and context
• Many L2 learners struggle with this;
details are often not taught in classes