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Welcome! ASL 3 Lecture Day From last year’s classifier PPT CL:3 “surface pass under vehicle” – signed at eye level indicates “I saw the car go by” Valli p.91 Perspectives- ASL 3 • Classifier predicates are not limited to one location. For example (Valli p.90): ASL 3 • Classifiers are bound morphemesthey have no meaning on their own, but must be used in conjunction with their noun • ASL 3: locatives- “lock” in place • Classifier movement can show several types of meaning • Eg. Two ways of showing cars in a row: cl cl cl , or sweeping (concept of more than one) Test Question: • 12.Classifiers are: • A. bound morphemes • B. free morphemes • 13.True or false: • Perspective is important in ASL classifier predicates, and can show whether the signer is viewing the predicate or not. Classifiers- examples • http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/page s-signs/c/classifiers.htm Misc. Grammar: • • • • Noun verb pairs- reduplication Minimal Pairs- ASL vs. English Language acquisition vs. learning (acquisition naturally occurs, learning is in a class setting, trying to present real-world opportunities but limited • Socialize and find real-world opportunities Blocking Environmental Interference • = Tuning out sounds around you • The trick: learning when to ignore sound vs. pay attention to it • Difference in a conversation vs. interpreting Time Lag • The amount of time from when the person spoke to when you interpret their signs • The greater the time lag in ASL interpreting, the more accurate the interpretation- to a point • Issues: the longer the time lag, the more likely you are to forget information • Skilled interpreters develop this over time • Types of Registers: • Frozen: Printed unchanging language. Examples: Biblical quotes, Pledge of Allegiance, wedding vows, and other "static" speeches recited. The wording is exactly the same every time it is spoken. • Formal: One-way participation, no interruption. Technical vocabulary or exact definitions are important. Includes presentations or introductions between strangers. • Consultative: Two-way participation. Background information is provided — prior knowledge is not assumed. "Behavior such as "uh huh", "I see", etc. is common. Interruptions are allowed. Examples include teacher/student, doctor/patient, expert/apprentice, etc. • Casual: In-group friends and acquaintances. No background information provided. Ellipsis and slang common. Interruptions common. This is common among friends in a social setting. • Intimate: Non-public. Intonation more important than wording or grammar. Private vocabulary. Also includes non-verbal messages. This is most common among family members and close friends. Advanced ASL Levels of Discourse in Linguistics and ASL examples Levels of Meaning Sociolinguistics, Narration Semantics, Pragmatics, Prosody S y n t a x Morphology Phonology Phonology (this slide only- not on test) • Phonology: Organization of speech sounds in a particular language (same sounds, different sound inventories); organization of parts of signs in signed languages • Phonetics: The study of speech sounds or parts of signs – Articulatory (production) – Acoustic (transmission) – Auditory (perception) Phonology • The study of how languages organize the smallest parts of words or signs • A phoneme represents the distinctive unit that if changed will create a minimal pair (ASL minimal pair e.g.HOME vs. DEAF) • Phonetics is the study of how the signs (or sounds) are realized during communication (ASL e.g.-STUDENT) Phonology vs. Morphology • Phonology studies the smallest contrastive parts of language (e.g. in ASL: holds, movements). • The parts of language studied in phonology do not have meaning in isolation. English e.g. letters: s-i-t-s; ASL e.g. handshape (flat:o) • Morphology is the study of the smallest meaningful units in language, and how language uses these units to build signs (or words). • Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Morphology • Morpheme: the smallest unit of meaning in a language • E.g. happily- English: = happy + ly (often “happily” =NMS attached to sign) • E.g. ASL= HAPPY + NMS • ASL: “careless” from NMS (tongue) • English: present progressive -ing Morphemes • Free Morphemes • Bound Morphemes Free Morphemes • Morphemes that can occur as independent units, that can occur by themselves • English e.g. cat, sit • ASL e.g. CAT, LOUSY Bound Morphemes • Morphemes that must occur with other morphemes, that cannot occur as independent units • English e.g. plural -s- ‘cats’ and third person -s- ‘sits’ • ASL e.g. the 3 handshape: THREEWEEKS and THREE-MONTHS Syntax • Syntax: rules for making sentences, based on grammar- word order, etc. Note on Language Assessment/Usage: • Competence: what you know about a language, including its syntax • Performance: how you use the language (errors, etc.) Sentences • Sentences in language are infinite • Finite (limited) set of rules for making sentences • Language users know these rules, whether conscious or unconscious Semantics • The literal meaning of a sign/word • A chair is a chair is a chair… or is it? • Perception influences semantics Semantics: The sense of a word… its literal meaning • Chair • Dog Pragmatics • Communicating more than what is literally stated or signed • Adds to the semantic meaning • Depends on the speaker/signer, addressee, and context • Many L2 learners struggle with this; details are often not taught in classes