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HOMOGENEOUS
OINTMENTS
Author: as.
Yu.Yu. Plaskonis
Ointments are the soft medical
form, appointed for causing on a
skin, wounds and consist of basis
and medicinal substances, evenly
divided.
•For physical and chemical classification:
ointments are the free comprehensively
dispersible shapeless structured systems
from plastic-resiliently viscid dispersible
environment.
At the room temperature, ointment, as a
result of high viscidity, keep a form and lose
it at the increase of temperature, growing
into thick liquids. From typical liquids they
differ absence of noticeable fluidity.
Negative qualities:
 some ointments have the limited
spectrum of pharmacological action;
 some connections of ointments on
hydrophobic bases can make the
expressed «greenhouse» effect which
limits their application in medical
practice;
 some ointments can irritate the skin.
Positive qualities:
 possibility of introduction in the
complement of ointments different
medicinal substances (liquid, soft,
hard);
 possibility of prescription of
ointments with the local action or
resorbtion action;
 achievement of high concentration of
medicinal substances in a skin,
biological liquids of organism;
 simple and safe application of
ointments is in comparing to other
medical forms.
Requirements to
ointments
 Ointments must own certain consistency
properties which are characterized by some
indexes: by plasticity, viscidity, period,
relaxations on which in a great extent depends
the degree of pharmaceutical dynamics of
ointments.
 Ointments must have optimum dispersion of medicinal
substances and their distributing ,which guarantees a
maximal therapeutic effect and invariability of
connection at storage. At the same time they must be
stable, without admixtures and with the exact
concentration of medicinal substances.
CLASSIFICATION OF
OINTMENTS
According to a place of application
distinguish such ointments:
 dermatological (actually ointments) which
are used on a skin
 eye which are used on the conjunctiva of
eye
 for a nose
 vaginal
 urethral
 rectal
By the type of the dispersible systems (in
dependence on the degree of dispersion
of medicinal substances and character of
its distributing in basis) distinguish:
 homogeneous
 heterogeneous ointments.
Depending on consistency distinguish:
 liquid ointments (whether liniments)
 creams
 gels
 actually ointments
 dense ointments - pastes
On the type (by character) of
ointment bases distinguish
ointments, prepared on:
 hydrophobic
 hydrophilic
 diphilic (hydrophilic-hydrophobic) bases.
PROPERTIES OF OINTMENT BASES
Oleaginous
Absorption
Ointment Bases Ointment Bases
Water/Oil
Oil/Water
Water-miscible
Emulsion
Emulsion
Ointment Bases
Ointment Bases Ointment Bases
oleaginous base + oleaginous base + oleaginous base + Polyethylene
w/o surfactant
water (< 45%
water (> 45%
Glycols (PEGs)
w/w) + w/o
w/w) + o/w
surfactant (HLB surfactant (HLB
<8)
>9)
anhydrous
hydrous
hydrous
anhydrous,
hydrous
hydrophilic
hydrophilic
hydrophilic
hydrophilic
Composition
oleaginous
compounds
Water Content
anhydrous
Affinity for Water
hydrophobic
Spreadability
difficult
difficult
Washability
nonwashable
nonwashable
Stability
Drug
Incorporation
Potential
moderate to easy
easy
moderate to easy
non- or poorly
washable
washable
washable
oils poor;
oils poor;
unstable,
unstable,
stable
hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
especially alkali especially alkali
better
better
soaps and natural soaps and natural
colloids
colloids;
nonionics better
solids or oils (oil solids, oils, and solids, oils, and solid and aqueous solid and aqueous
solubles only) aqueous solutions aqueous solutions solutions (small
solutions
(small amounts) (small amounts)
amounts)
Drug Release
Potential*
Occlusiveness
Uses
Examples
Composition
Oleaginous
Ointment Bases
Absorption
Ointment Bases
poor
poor, but >
oleaginous
yes
yes
protectants,
protectants,
emollients (+/-), emollients (+/-),
vehicles for
vehicles for
hydrolyzable aqueous solutions,
drugs
solids, and nonhydrolyzable
drugs
White Petrolatum,
Hydrophilic
White Ointment
Petrolatum,
Anhydrous
Lanolin,
Aquabase™,
Aquaphor®,
Polysorb®
Oleaginous
Absorption
Ointment Bases Ointment Bases
oleaginous
compounds
Water/Oil
Emulsion
Ointment Bases
fair to good
Oil/Water
Emulsion
Ointment Bases
fair to good
Water-miscible
Ointment Bases
sometimes
no
no
emollients,
emollients,
cleansing creams, vehicles for solid,
vehicles for solid, liquid, or nonliquid, or nonhydrolyzable
hydrolyzable
drugs
drugs
Cold Cream type,
Hydrous Lanolin,
Rose Water
Ointment,
Hydrocream™,
Eucerin®, Nivea®
Hydrophilic
Ointment,
Dermabase™,
Velvachol®,
Unibase®
Water/Oil
Oil/Water
Emulsion
Emulsion
Ointment Bases Ointment Bases
oleaginous base + oleaginous base + oleaginous base +
w/o surfactant
water (< 45%
water (> 45%
w/w) + w/o
w/w) + o/w
surfactant (HLB surfactant (HLB
<8)
>9)
good
drug vehicles
PEG Ointment,
Polybase™
Water-miscible
Ointment Bases
Polyethylene
Glycols (PEGs)
By the type of the dispersible
systems ointment divided to:






* homogeneous ointment
ointments- solutions
ointments- alloys
extraction ointment
* heterogeneous
ointments- suspensions
ointments - emulsion
combined
Heterogeneous
 Suspension ointments contain solid
powder, grind medicinal substances
which are insoluble in the basis and
distributed it by type of suspension
 Emulsion ointment characterized by the
presence of the liquid component that is
insoluble in basis and distributed it to the
type of emulsion.
 Combined ointment - a combination of
different disperse systems
 The main task of technology in the
manufacture of ointments is that the
drugs have been possible dispersed and
evenly distributed throughout the mass
basis;
 consistency would provide easy dab and
uniform distribution of the skin or mucous
membrane, the stability of the ointment
would ensure consistency in the
application of their composition and
storage
Prescription OF OINTMENTS
1. With indication of basis and amount of medicinal
substances in units of mass:
Rp.: Mеntholi 0,1
Vaselini 10,0
Miscе, fiat unguеntum
Da. Signa: Ointment is for a nose.
2. Without indication of basis:
а) with pointing of concentration of medicinal substance
Rp.: Unguenti Zinci oxydi 3 %
10,0
Da. Signa: Ointment is for hands.
б) without pointing of concentration of medicinal
substance
Rp.: Unguenti Xеroformii 100,0
Da. Signa: Zmazuvati the staggered areas of
skin.
GENERAL RULES OF
PREPARING OINTMENTS
Calculations of amounts of medicinal substances and
basis
 If the concentration of medicinal substance was`t noted
in a recipe, it is followed to prepare 10 % ointment.
 Ointments the samples of which are standardized.
prepare according to concentration of medicinal
substances, marked in NTD.
 Introductions of medicinal substances in ointment
conduct taking into account their physical and
chemical properties and written amounts.
 Medicinal substances, soluble in fats (Camphor,
Mentholum, Thymolum, , a crystalline Fenolum,
Anaesthesinum less than 2 %, Salol but, other)
enter in monophase ointments-solutions,
dissolving them in fat basis or its component part.
 If total amount of these substances less
than 5 %, they are ground with a liquid,
what similar after properties to basis:
Vaseline -Vaseline oil, fatty basis drupaceous butter. Liquids take so much,
how many matters.
 If total amount of these substances more
than 5 %, they are ground with an even
amount to mass of dry substances of
molten basis.
 In hydrophilic bases these substances
enter like suspensions.
Preparing of homogeneous
ointments
 Ointments-alloys are connection of a few
mutually fusible and mutually soluble
components. Fats can enter in the
complement of such ointments, beeswax,
hydrocarbons, resins, plasters, butters,
and other substances. Ingredients can be
both hard and soft or liquid.
 The alloy of components is conducted on
an aquatic bath in a porcelain or
enameled cup.
General technology of ointmentsalloys consists in the following:
 in the first turns melt the most refractory
substance
 to the got fusion add other ingredients in order
of decline of temperature of melting;
 liquid components add in the last turn
 this liquid fusion if necessary strain through a
gauze in a warmed-up mortar (50-55 °С)
 mix to cooling
 essential oils add in the last turn at a
temperature not higher 40 С.
Comparative fusibility of substances which enter
in the complement of ointments-alloys is
resulted below in such order:














1. Tserezin
2. Ozocerite
3. A beeswax is yellow
4. A beeswax is white
5. Petrolatum
6. Paraffin hard
7. Spermaceti
8. Beef fat
9. Lanolin is waterless
10. Vaseline
11. Hydrogenated fats
12. Naphthalanum
13. Butters vegetable and artificial
14. Essential oils
Rp.: Naphthalani liquidi raffinati 70,0
Paraffini 18,0
Petrolati 12,0
Misce, fiat unguentum
Da. Signa. For bandages.
 Medicinal preparation – ointment alloy
with mutually fusible components which
have a different temperature of drowning.
 Melt petrolatum (t - 60-62 °С), to the got
fusion at stirring add a paraffin (t - 50-54
°С) and in the last turn - oil naphthalini.
An alloy is mixed in a warm mortar to the
complete cooling-down.
WPC (f.s.)
Date
№ recipe
Petrolati 12,0
Paraffini 18,0
Naphthalani of liquidi raffinati 70,0
m=
100,0
Prepared: (signature)
Checked: (signature)
 Medicinal substances, soluble in fats
(camphor, Mentholum, Thymolum, a
crystalline phenolum, Anaesthesinum
to 2 %, salol but other) enter in mono
phase ointments-solutions, dissolving
them in fat basis or its component
part.
Ointment- solution
 If total amount of these substances is less than
5 %, they are ground with a liquid, what similar
by the properties to basis: Vaseline is Vaseline
butter, fatty basis is drupaceous butter. Liquids
take so much, how many matters
 If total amount of these substances is more
than 5 %, they are ground with an even
amount to mass of dry substances of molten
basis.
At preparing of ointments-solutions
it is needed to take into account the
following rules:
 if a medicinal substance has a volatile
characteristics (camphor, Mentholum, other), then
it is dissolved in the cold fusion (45-50 °С);
 it is not followed to prepare satiate solutions,
because permeates can crystallize at cooling;
 many medicinal preparations, soluble in
hydrophobic bases, reduce the temperature of
melting of the last as a result of education eutectic,
that is why for a receipt enough dense ointmentssolutions in the contain of ointment bases enter
making more compact components (10% beeswax
or paraffin) on a concordance with a doctor.
THANK YOU
FOR
ATTENTION !