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Negotiating in the context of a region in conflict No direct dialogue Different values and frames Differences in narratives Distrust Lack of political support Context of the Middle East Differences of religion Differences of culture and language Different levels of economic development Different government structures and levels of democracy Different levels of freedom of the media Little trade between the parties Environmental issues Water, water, water Spatial aspects of land Supply of environmental infrastructure Inadequate pollution control of industry Marine and coastal management Natural and cultural resource protection Global environmental responsibilities Drawbacks of an ‘island’ situation Management of shared resources eg. Aquifers Cross boundary pollution, eg. Downstream Protection of cross boundary habitats Duplication of infrastructure Barriers to cooperation Claims of historical rights Allocation of blame Claims for compensation Lack of taking responsibility Division by borders and fences Neglect of frontier zones Barriers to negotiation Lack of appropriate frameworks Lack of common conceptual language Internal opposition Intensified distrust if previous agreement failed to materialize Role of transgovernmentalization Removes environment from political context Transforms language to common professional conceptual framework Transforms attitudes to achieving common goals Allocates joint or separate responsibility Encourages transparency and accountability Opportunities for transgovernmentalization at government level International Regional Multi lateral Bilateral Role of facilitators Role of donors Opportunities for transgovernmentalization outside government Between local authorities Through non governmental organizations Through academic research Through the private sector Types of agreements Ratification of international conventions Bilateral agreements Decisions by international organiztions eg. UNEP Conditions on funding by investors or donors Difficulties of implementation No real interest Lack of resources Lack of professional expertise Lack of valid, accepted joint data base Lack of contingency mechanisms Lack of compliance mechanisms Characteristics of a transgovernmentalization mechanism Trusted as neutral by both parties as above and outside the conflict Professional respect by the parties Proactive, capable of introducing innovative ideas and opportunities Proactive in enabling implementation Found (and lost) opportunities in the Middle East Multilaterals (Madrid) included environment working group (led by Japan) EEC environmental experts committee under the Israeli-Palestinian interim agreement UNEP Desk study (see simulation exercise) Jordan Rift Valley (under Jordan-Israel peace agreement) Missed opportunities in the Middle East Barcelona Convention for Mediterranean Jeddah convention for Red Sea West Asia/WEOG regional groups in UN Great Rift Valley in UNESCO and UNEP Dead Sea – lowest park on earth