Download Artificial Intelligence Lecture # 1

Course Instructor: knza ch
Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach:
2nd edition by Stuart J. Russel and Peter Norvig.
Artificial Intelligence Illuminated by Ben Coppin.
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Computer
Science concerned with the automation of
intelligent behaviour.
Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the
design of intelligence in an artificial device.
The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people.
AI is the study of systems that act in a way that
to any observer would appear to be intelligent.
Two main ideas in definitions:
Intelligence
Artificial devices
Is it something which characterize humans? Or
is there any absolute standard of judgment?
Ability to Solve problems.
Ability to memorize and process information.
Ability to Plan and Schedule.
Ability to answer fuzzy questions(Ambiguity).
Ability to learn.
Ability to recognize.
Ability to understand.
Someone’s intelligence is their ability to
understand and learn things.
Intelligence is the ability to think and
understand instead of doing things by instinct or
automatically.
Thinking is the activity of using your brain to
consider a problem or to create an idea.
Solving a Problem
Next number in the sequence…
Consider the following sequence…
1,3,7,13,21,----What is the next number????
Solving a Problem
Answer:
1+2= 3
3+4= 7
7+6= 13
13+8= 21
21+10= 31
Understanding and building intelligent entities
Four approaches
Systems that think like humans
Systems that think rationally
Systems that act like humans
Systems that act rationally
Turing Test
Proposed by Alan Turin (1950)
“The computer passes the test if a human
interrogator, after posing some written
questions cannot tell whether the written
responses come from a person or not.”
To pass the Turing test, the machine has to fool
the interrogator into believing that it is human.
Cognitive Modeling
Method must not just exhibit behavior sufficient
to fool a human judge but must do it in a way
demonstrably analogous to human cognition.
This involves trying to understand human
thought and an effort to build machines that
emulate human thought process.
Requires to know how humans think?
This view is the cognitive science approach to
AI.
Formalize “correct” reasoning using a
mathematical model.
These laws were supposed to govern the
operation of the mind.
The emphasis in this case is on the inferencing
mechanism, and its properties – i.e. how the
system arrives at a conclusion, or the reasoning
behind its selection of actions is very important.
An agent is something that acts.
The rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the
best outcome or best expected outcome if there is
uncertainty.
Making correct inferences is often part of being a
rational agent, however sometimes there is no
provably correct thing to do, but something still has to
be done.
The focus is on how the system acts and performs, and
not so much on the reasoning process.
Intelligent Machines
Capabilities required:
Natural language processing
To enable successful communication in English
Knowledge representation
To store what it knows
Automated Reasoning
To store stored information to answer questions
Machine learning
To adapt new circumstances and detect patterns
Computer vision
To perceive objects
Robotics
To manipulate objects and move about
AI systems are in everyday use
for identifying credit card fraud
for advising doctors
for recognizing speech
helping in complex planning tasks
there are intelligent tutoring systems that provide
students with personalized attention
AI systems have achieved limited success in
these given tasks:
In Computer vision, the systems are capable of face
recognition
In Robotics, we have been able to make vehicles
that are mostly autonomous
In Natural language processing, we have systems
that are capable of simple machine translation
Today’s Expert systems can carry out medical
diagnosis in a narrow domain
Speech understanding systems are capable of
recognizing several thousand words continuous
speech.
Planning and scheduling systems had been employed
in scheduling experiments with the Hubble Telescope.
In Games, AI systems can play at the Grand Master
level in chess (world champion), checkers, etc.
Understand natural language robustly (e.g.,
read and understand articles in a newspaper)
Surf the web
Interpret an arbitrary visual scene
Learn a natural language
Construct plans in dynamic real-time domains
Exhibit true autonomy and intelligence