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Ankle Joint Kinesiology
Amir H. Bakhtiary
PhD, PT
Associate Professor
Physiotherapy Department
Rehabilitation faculty
Semnan University of Medical Sciences
Interphalangeal Joint
• Synovial hing Joint
• 1 degree of freedom (Fle/Ext)
• 5 PIP Joint
• 4 DIP
• IP Joint function
• Provide smooth WB transfer on the other
foot
• Provide stability by pressing the toes on
the ground during standing and gait
Foot Arches
• Provide by bone and ligament and
Joint structure of foot
• MTP and toes do NOT shear in the
arches
• But their position affect the curves
• The foot arches is build by a twisted
plan of foot in the TCN, Midtarsal and
TMT Joint
• The plan is in vertical position in
calcaneous and
• is in horizontal position in the metatarsus
Foot
Arches
Function of Foot Arches
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•
•
•
Weight distribution
Force and Stress Absorbing
Force saving in its structure
Release saved energy at the
end of stance phase
This released energy used for walking
Energy Saving System
Foot Arches
• Longitudinal Arches
• Medial (between calcaneous and first
metatarsal)
• More Higher and more flexibility
• Lateral (between Calcaneous and lateral
metatarsal)
• More harder Less Higher and flexibility
• Transverse Arch
• From tarsus to the head of metatarsal
• Higher in back
• Lower in the front
Foot arches supporter
factors
• Ligaments
• Plantar Calcaneonavicular Lig (spring Lig)
• Superior medial calcaneonavicular
• Interoseos Talocalcaneo Lig
• Plantar aponeuroses
• Cervical Lig
• Long and Short plantar Lig
• Muscles
• Peroneus Longus
• Flexor Digitrum Longus
• Flexor Hallusis Longus
Ligamentus Support of
Longitudinal Arch
Transverse Arch
The Role of Plantar
Apponeurosis to Support
the Longitudinal Arch
Plantar Aponeouroses
Function
• Act like a firm rope to hold the height
of longitudinal arch
• By stretching PA, the rear and front base
of arch move toward each other and
height will be increased
• Decreased tension in PA
• By WB the rear and front base of arch
separate each other and height will be
decreased and cause:
• Increased tension in PA
• Decreased Ext ROM in MTP joint
Effect Of Tibia Rotation on
the height of arch foot in WB
• Medial Rotation of Tibia cause
• Pronation in Hindfoot
• Decreased height of arch
• Decreased Ext ROM in MTP joint
• Lateral Rotation of Tibia cause
• Supination in hindfoot
• Increased height of arch
• Increased Ext ROM in MTP joint
These processes will be reversed
Trabeculae of the foot
Foot WB Distribution
• It depends on the
• Shape of foot arches
• Location of LOG
• Talus received Body Weight
• %50 in the bilateral standing
• %100 in the unilateral standing
• During standing, weight Transfer
• %50 of weight to calcareous
• %33 to Navicular
• %17 to Cuboids
• First Metatarsal Head distribute Weight 2
times more than other metatarsals
Foot WB Distribution
• Pattern of weight distribution will differ
during walking
• In metatarsal break, Increase WB on the
metatarsals
• More WB on the II, III and IV metatarsals
• Less WB on the I and V metatarsals
• In Heel Contact, calcaneous receive 85-%100
• Fat pad help to reduce shocked from WB
• During running, Received weight on the foot
increased by the %250 of WB
Muscles which act on
the foot
• Extrinsic muscles
• Plantar flexors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gastrocnemious 
Soleus 
Plantaris*
Tibialis posterior* 
Flexor Hallucis Longus* 
Flexor Digitrum Longus* 
Peroneus Longus*
Peroneus Brevis*
• Dorsi flexors
• Intrinsic muscles
* These muscle
produce %50 of PF
force
 These muscle
produce PF force &
Supination
‫‪Muscles which act on‬‬
‫‪the foot‬‬
‫• سه سر ساق (گاستروکنمیوس و سولئوس)‬
‫• از طریق آشیل به کالکانئوس متصل شده‬
‫• دارای ‪ MA‬خوبی از مرکز چرخش مچ پا است‬
‫• دارای اثر ‪ Sup‬است چون از داخل محور مچ پا می گذرد‬
‫‪ −‬موجب قفل شدن مفاصل ‪ TCN‬و ‪ Midtarsal‬پا هنگام ‪PF‬‬
‫‪ −‬تبدیل پا به یک اهرم محکم‬
‫• انقباض این عضالت پاشنه را از زمین بلند کرده‬
‫• بلندتر شدن ارتفاع قوسهای کف پا در ‪WB‬‬
Activity of the
Triceps Surae
•Great MA
•Cause Sup in Hindfoot
•In WB cause lock in
TCN and Midtarsal
•Make foot as a hard
lever
•Raise heel
•Increase height of
arches