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Transcript
Chapter 10 Section 1 Bacteria Objectives • Describe the characteristics of bacteria. • Explain how bacteria reproduce. • Compare and contrast eubacteria and archaebacteria. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World Objectives • Explain how life on Earth depends on bacteria. • List three ways bacteria are useful to people. • Describe two ways in which bacteria can be harmful to people. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 Bacteria Characteristics of Bacteria • Bacteria make up the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. All bacteria are single-celled organisms. • The Shape of Bacteria Bacilli are rod shaped. Cocci are spherical. Spirilla are long and spiral shaped. Each shape helps bacteria in a different way. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 Bacteria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 Bacteria Characteristics of Bacteria, continued • No Nucleus! All bacteria are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. An organism that does not have a nucleus is called a prokaryote. • Bacterial Reproduction Bacteria reproduce by a process called binary fission, in which one singlecelled organism splits into two single-celled organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 Bacteria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 Bacteria Characteristics of Bacteria, continued • Endospores contain genetic material and proteins and is covered by a thick, protective coat. Some bacteria become inactive and form endospores in poor environmental conditions. • When conditions improve, the endospores break open and the bacteria become active again. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria • The kingdom eubacteria has more individuals than all of the other five kingdoms combined. • Eubacteria Classification Eubacteria are classified by the way they get food. Most eubacteria are consumers. • Cyanobacteria are producers. Cyanobacteria usually live in water and contain chlorophyll. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 Bacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria • The three main types of archaebacteria are heat lovers, salt lovers, and methane makers. • Harsh Environments Archaebacteria often live where nothing else can. Most archaebacteria prefer environments where there is little or no oxygen. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World Good for the Environment • Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen-fixing bacteria take in nitrogen from the air and change it to a form that plants can use. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World Good for the Environment, continued • Recycling Decomposer bacteria break down dead plant and animal matter, which makes nutrients available to other living things. • Cleaning Up Using microorganisms, such as bacteria, to change harmful chemicals into harmless ones is called biomediation. Biomediation can be used to clean up hazardous waste and oil spills. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World Good for People • Bacteria in Your Food Many common foods, such as cheese, yogurt, and sour cream, are made with the help of bacteria. • Making Medicines Medicines used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms are called antibiotics. Many antibiotics are made by bacteria. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World Good for People, continued • Insulin In the 1970s, scientists discovered how to put genes into bacteria so that the bacteria would make human insulin. • Genetic Engineering changes the genes of bacteria, or any other living thing. Scientists can now engineer bacteria to make many products, such as insecticides, cleansers, and adhesives. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World Harmful Bacteria • Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that cause disease by getting inside a host organism and taking nutrients from the host’s cells. • Diseases in Other Organisms Bacteria cause diseases in other organisms as well as in people. Pathogenic bacteria attack plants, animals, protists, fungi, and even other bacteria. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 3 Viruses Objectives • Explain how viruses are similar to and different from living things. • List the four major virus shapes. • Describe the two kinds of viral reproduction. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 3 Viruses It’s a Small World • Viruses are tiny. They are smaller than the smallest bacteria. About 5 billion virus particles could fit in a single drop of blood. Are Viruses Living? • Like living things, viruses contain protein and genetic material. But viruses don’t act like living things. They can’t eat, grow, break down food, or use oxygen. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 3 Viruses Classifying Viruses • Viruses can be grouped by their shape, the type of disease they cause, their life cycle, or the kind of genetic material they contain. • Four Main Shapes The four main shapes of viruses are shown on the next slide. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 3 Viruses Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 3 Viruses A Destructive House Guest • Viruses attack living cells and turn them into virus factories. Viruses reproduce using the lytic cycle. • A Time Bomb-the Lysogenic cycle Some viruses put their genes into a host cell, but new viruses are not made right away. New cells get copies of the virus’s genes when the host cell divides. The genes stay inactive for a long time before they “go lytic” making huge numbers of copies of the virus. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 3 Viruses Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 3 Viruses A Destructive House Guest, continued • Treating a Virus Antibiotics do not kill viruses, but scientists have recently developed antiviral medications that stop viruses from reproducing. • Because many viral diseases do not have cures, it is best to prevent a viral infection from happening in the first place. Vaccinations give your immune system a head start in fighting off viruses •Listen to this Virus rap and complete the crossword! http://www.sciencemusicvideos.com/im-a-virus/ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.