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The Solar System Spectra of Science Amole 2013 Early Thought and Models • Aristotle (384 BC -322 BC)explained the phases of the moon and eclipses by using a geocentric model • Ptolemy (90 A.D -168 A.D.)suggests planets, sun, and moon orbited Earth in perfect circles Early Thought and Models • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)- proposed the heliocentric model • Johannes Kepler (15711630)- propsed that the orbits around the sun were ellipses What is an Ellipse? • An oval or egg-like shape created from the result of two foci Early Thought and Models • In 1687, Isaac Newton put it all together explaining that the force responsible for keeping the planets and satellites (moons) in their orbits was…GRAVITY • First to propose that everything in the universe follows the same rules and acts in predictable ways Bodies in our Solar System: The Sun • At the center • It’s a medium sized star in the middle of its life cycle • Constantly creating energy from nuclear fusion Bodies in our Solar System: Planets • Terrestrial Planets: – Small – Dense – Solid surfaces and cores • Gas Giants (Jovian): – Large – No solid surface – Very light OMG! • Saturn is the least dense of the planets. It is actually less dense than water. That means, if you could find a tub big enough….it would float! OMG! • We really are so small! • http://ls.xenia.k12.oh.us/SafeVideos/Video.as px?id=z6yHKE9dg0g Bodies in our Solar System: Comets • Composed of dust and ice (dirty snowballs) • When it passes near the sun, the heat begins to melt the ice and it gives off gases forming the long tail • Tail always point away from the sun Bodies in our Solar System: Comets • Most likely leftover material from when the solar systems formed • Come from the Oort Cloud and Kuiper belt OMG! • Halley’s comet is perhaps the most popular comet. It passes by every 76 years. Its last pass occurred in 1986, so expect to see it again in 2061! • Miss Amole will be 76 next time it is here! Bodies in our Solar System: Asteroids • Most found in the Asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter • Meteoroids small pieces that reach our atmosphere • Meteors-meteoroids that burn up in atmosphere • Meteorites- make it to Earth OMG! • Many scientists believe that it was a 10-15 km asteroid or comet that hit the Earth 65 million years ago that is responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs OMG! • The best preserved meteorite crater is located in Arizona. It is over a mile wide, 2.4 miles in circumference, and over 550 feet deep! Bodies in our Solar System: Planetesimals • Pieces of rocks that accumulated to form planets • Left over planetesimals are in the Kuiper belt beyond the orbit of Neptune • Pluto may actually just be the largest object in this belt Bodies in our Solar System: Dwarf Planets • Unlike planets, dwarf planets lack the gravitational muscle to sweep up or scatter objects near their orbits • They orbit the sun in zones of similar objects such as the asteroid and Kuiper belts. • Pluto, Eris and the asteroid Ceres became the first OMG! • Pluto was still a planet when Miss Amole sat in your seat. • Pluto was added as a planet in 1930 • In 2005 Eris, about the same size as Pluto, was found in the Kuiper belt • In 2006 the new system of classification… How it all Began… The Formation of the Solar System Nebular Theory • According to the dating of rocks, the solar system is 4.6 billion years old • Most scientist accept the Nebular Theory, or Nebular Model, as the best supported explanation • It explains why… – Planets are so far apart – In the same plane – orbit in the same direction – They have nearly circular orbits – Why some are terrestrial and some gaseous Nebular Theory: Step 1 • Started as a nebula- huge cloud or gas and dust • It begins to collapse because of its own gravity • Gravity drew much of the matter towards the center Nebular Theory: Step 2 • The nebula began to flatten out into a disk and rotate • Getting hotter and hotter towards the center • After 10 million years, the star becomes hot enough to fuse Hydrogen • A star, our sun, is born Nebular Theory: Step 3 • Planetesimals began to form in the swirling disk through accretion • Accretion = accumulation of matter Nebular Theory: Step 4 • The largest planetesimals began to collect the dust and gas from the nebula because they had greater gravitational pulls • Remember that gravity depends on mass and distance Nebular Theory: Step 5 • Smaller planetesimals collide with the large ones and the planets grow Nebular Theory: Step 6 • The remaining dust and gas is removed or settles into the Asteroid and Kuiper belts and Oort Cloud • A solar system is born OMG! • Formation of the Solar System OMG! • Formation of the Solar System What about the Moon? The Formation of the Moon Impact • When Earth was still very hot and molten, a large body crashed into it and blasted part of the mantle into space Ejection • The resulting debris began to orbit Earth being held by Earth’s gravity Formation • The debris began to accumulate to form the moon OMG! • Formation of the Moon