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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan, Marist College
Human Biology
Concepts and Current Issues
Second Edition
MICHAEL D. JOHNSON
CHAPTER 4
FROM CELLS TO ORGAN
SYSTEMS
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Tissues
• Groups of cells with a common function
• Four primary tissues
• Epithelia
• Connective tissues
• Muscle
• Nervous
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Epithelial Tissues
• Line body cavities and cover surfaces
• Glandular epithelia: epithelial cells adapted to
make up glands
• Exocrine glands: secretion into ducts to
exterior of body
• Endocrine glands: secretion into the blood to
carry chemical messages throughout the body
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Epithelial Tissues: Classification
• Shape
• Squamous: flattened cells, line vessels, part of
lungs, body surface
• Cuboidal: cube shaped, form lining of tubules,
glandular tissue
• Columnar: column shaped, line respiratory,
digestive, reproductive tracts
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Epithelial Tissues: Classification
• Number of layers
• Simple/single layered: adapted for diffusion
across cell barriers, line glands, respiratory,
digestive, reproductive systems
• Stratified/multiple layered: protection, skin
surface
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Epithelial Tissues: Attachments
• Basement membrane
• Structural support
• Attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues
• Junctions: hold epithelial cells together
• Tight junctions: nothing passes
• Adhesion junctions/ spot desmosomes: some
movement between cells
• Gap junctions: protein channels
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Junctions Between Cells
Figure 4.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Connective Tissue Supports and
Connects Body Parts Basement
membrane
• Fibrous connective tissue
• Loose: surrounds many organs, lines cavities
around blood vessels
• Dense: tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin
• Elastic: surrounds stomach, bladder, maintains
shape
• Reticular: internal framework of soft organs
(liver) and lymphatic system
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Connective Tissue Supports and
Connects Body Parts (cont.)
• Special connective tissue
• Cartilage: produced by chondroblasts; found in
lacunae; no blood vessels, high collagen content
• Bone: inorganic matrix with calcium slats for
hardness
• Blood: fluid matrix of plasma, red blood cells,
white blood cells and platelets
• Adipose tissue: fat cells; function in insulation,
protection, and energy storage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Fibrous Connective Tissue Special
connective tissue
• Function: strength and elasticity
• Matrix: intercellular material giving the CT its
characteristics
• Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes,
neutrophils
• Fibers: collage, elastic, reticular
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Fibrous Connective Tissue
(cont.)
Figure 4.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Muscle Tissue: Contracts for
Movement
• Skeletal muscle
• moves body parts
• voluntary, multi-nucleated
• Cardiac muscle
• function in the heart
• involuntary, single nuclei
• Smooth muscle
• surrounds hollow structures
• involuntary, single nuclei
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Nervous Tissue: Transmit Impulses
• Neuron: specialized nervous system cell
• Structural components: cell body, dendrites, axon
• Glial cells: support cells to neurons
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Organs and Organ Systems Perform
Complex Functions
• Organ systems
• Groups of organs that perform a common
function. Examples:
• Digestive system: mouth, throat, stomach,
intestines, liver
• Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Body Cavities
Figure 4.8
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Tissue Membranes: Line Body
Cavities
• Serous membrane: reduces friction between
organs
• Mucous membrane: lubricates surface, captures
debris
• Synovial membrane: lines spaces in movable
joints
• Cutaneous membrane: skin
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Anatomical Position or Direction
Figure 4.9
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Skin: Integumentary System
Figure 4.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Skin: Integumentary System
• Functions: prevent dehydration, protect from
injury, defense against microorganisms, regulate
body temperature, make vitamin D, sensation
• Structure
• Epidermis: outer layer, stratified squamous
epithelial cells, no blood vessels, specialized
keratinocytes and melanocytes
• Dermis: deeper layer, support tissues, fibers
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Accessory Structures of Dermis
• Hair: shaft, follicle
• Smooth muscle: attached to hair follicle, raises
hair to upright position
• Oil glands/sebaceous glands: secretion moistens
and softens skin
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Accessory Structures of Dermis
(cont.)
• Sweat glands: secrete sweat, help in temperature
regulation
• Blood vessels: supply nutrients, remove waste,
assist in temperature regulation
• Sensory nerve endings: for heat, cold, touch, deep
pressure, vibration
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of relative constancy of the
conditions of the internal environment
• Mechanisms
• Negative feedback: deviations from normal
detected and counteracted
• Components: controlled variable, sensor, control
center, effector
• Positive feedback: amplifies original change
• Rarely found in organisms
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.