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Human Anatomy
Anatomical Positions/ Terminology
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Anatomical Terminology
• Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and Latin
• Most terms come in pairs
• Terms of position and direction describe the position
of one body part relative to another, usually along one
of the three major body planes
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Anatomical Position
 Is the standard
reference point in which
all positions,
movements, and planes
are described
 Person stands erect
with feet together and
eyes forward with palms
and feet facing forward
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Regional terms –
names of specific
body areas
Axial region – the
main axis of the
body
 Appendicular region
– the limbs


Directional
terminology

Refers to the body
in anatomical
position
 Standardized terms
of directions are
paired terms
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
• Superior (cranial)- the
part more toward the top
of the body
Superior
Directional Terms
• Inferior (caudal)- the part
is more toward the
bottom of the body
Inferior
– The shoulder is superior
to the hip
– The stomach is inferior to
the heart
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Directional Terms
• Anterior (ventral)- toward
the front of the body
– The nose is anterior of the
head
• Posterior (dorsal)- the
part is more toward the
bottom of the body
– The heel is posterior to the
toes
Anterior
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Posterior
Directional Terms
• Medial- Toward the
midline or midsagittal
plane of the body
– The eyes are medial to the
ears
• Lateral- Toward the sides;
away from the middle
– The eyes are lateral to the
nose.
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Medial
Lateral
Directional Terms
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Distal
• Proximal- Toward trunk of
the body; toward the
root of the body
– The knee is proximal to
the ankle
• Distal- Away from the
trunk; away from the root
of the body
– The hand is distal to the
elbow
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Distal / Proximal
Cont.
• When you divide the skeleton
into Axial (Blue) and
Appendicular (Yellow) you
can better understand the
extremities and their roots.
• Proximal- toward the axial
skeleton
• Distal- Away from the axial
skeleton
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Directional Terms
• Superficial- toward the body surface
– The skin is superficial to the muscles
• Deep- Away from the body surface
– The lungs are deep to the skin
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Directional Terms
• Bilateral symmetry: a term
meaning that right and left sides of
the body are mirror images
Ipsilateral
• Ipsilateral-structures are on the
same side of the body in
anatomical position
• Contralateral-structures are on
opposite sides of the body in
anatomical position
Contra lateral
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Orientation and Directional Terms
Image from: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc,. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Directional Terms
Image from: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc,. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Directional Terms
Body Language:
Anterior is my smile, posterior my butt;
I raise my head to be superior and look down in
shame when inferior;
When angry my arms point medial, and support my
shout when lateral;
When I hug you, I pull you proximal, but with a kick
quickly push you distal;
Example Problems
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inferior
The chin is ________
to the forehead.
The ears are _________
to the nose
lateral
The elbow is on the posterior
_________side of the arm
distal to the hip bone.
The knee is _______
The shoulder is _________
to the elbow.
proximal
superior
The nose are ___________
to the lips.
Example Problems
superior
• The shoulder girdle is _________
to the hip
girdle.
Superior/ proximal
• The knee is _______________ to the ankle
superior
• The neck is ___________
to the sternum
• The heart is ____________
to the lungs
medial
• The fingers are ________
to the palm.
distal
Regional Terms
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Body Planes and Sections
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Body Planes and Sections
• Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies
vertically and divides body
into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts
• Sagittal plane – lies vertically
and divides the body into left
and right sides.
– Median (midsagittal) plane Specific sagittal plane that lies
vertically in the midline
• Transverse plane - runs
horizontally and divides body
into superior (up) and inferior
(down) parts
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Body Cavities
• Dorsal body cavity
• Cavity subdivided
into the cranial
cavity and the
vertebral cavity.
– Cranial cavity houses
the brain.
– Vertebral cavity runs
through the
vertebral column
and encloses the
spinal cord
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Body Cavities
• Ventral body cavity
– subdivided into:
– Thoracic cavity –
divided into three
parts
• Two lateral parts
each containing a
lung surrounded by a
pleural cavity
• Mediastinum –
contains the heart
surrounded by the
pericardial sac
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Body Cavities
• Ventral body cavity
– Abdominopelvic
cavity – divided into
two parts
• Abdominal cavity –
contains the liver,
stomach, kidneys,
and other organs
• Pelvic cavity –
contains the bladder,
some reproductive
organs, and rectum
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Other Body Cavities
•
•
•
•
•
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
• Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine
regions
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Abdominal Quadrants
• Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four
quadrants
– Right upper and left upper quadrants
– Right lower and left lower quadrants
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby. Inc. and affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Other Positions