Download `communication`? - Universiti Putra Malaysia

BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
CREDITS:
3 (3+0)
LECTURER:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Faiz Abdullah
Department of English
Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication
UPM
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
1
INTRODUCTION




What is 'communication?
Why study speech communication?
Macro/micro functions of speech in
community
Nature of communication
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
2
Unit 1: Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
 define communication both as a product and as a process;
 explain the difference between ‘communication’ and ‘speech
communication’;
 describe the relationship between community, culture, and the
ethical dimensions of public speech;
 state the macro and the micro functions of speech
communication;
 list the types of communication as well as the broad areas of
communication studies;
 identify the general purposes of speech communication.
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
3
What is 'communication'?
 As process:
"a process by which
information is exchanged between
individuals through a common system of
symbols, signs or behaviour"
 As product: "information communicated
or transferred as a verbal or written
message" (E.g. Have you received my
communication? [i.e. my message?])
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
4
Latin root words of 'communication' are cum
("with"), and munis ("public work").
Gronbeck (1997) notes: "Communities are defined
into existence by public talk; human
conversation creates, sustains, and alters the
sense of community one has with each other"
(p. 6).
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
5
Why study speech communication?
 Speech, or rather the use of language, is the
main means by which we communicate, create
community, and promote diversity
 ‘Macro’ functions and ‘micro’ functions of
speech
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
6
Macro functions of speech (overall community
goals):
 To build community: conversation creates, sustains,
and alters the sense of community in the individual
 To promote and maintain cultural diversity: speakers
have a right to be heard and treated as fellow human
beings; rights and views of minorities must be
respected; differences between cultures within a
physical community must be respected
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
7
Micro functions of speech (specific individual goals):
 To define self – what it means to be a member of the
community E.g participating in special days and occasions
involving one’s own community; political rallies; conventions
 To spread information within and without the community E.g.
conventions, public statements, press releases, research
presentations
 To debate issues of fact, values, and policy impinging on affairs
of the community and the world at large – verbal combat and
controversy has taken the place of armed combat – public debate
and dialogue
 To effect individual and/or group change via intrapersonal,
interpersonal, group, institutional, mass, and intercultural
communication.
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
8
Overview of speech communication process:
… a two-way process between a speaker and
listener(s) that involves the productive skill of
speaking and the receptive skill of listening.
Both the speaker and the listener participate
actively in the process: the speaker encodes the
message to be conveyed using appropriate
language, and the listener decodes (or interprets)
the message.

FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
9
Shared knowledge includes information about:
 the common language and its sound patterns
 the time and place of conversation
 the type of relationship between the
communicators
 facial and body movements
 norms, beliefs, and values
 other cultural features
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
10
The Need for Speech Training
 To function efficiently in job-related situations;
 To communicate effectively in public forums
E.g. neighbourhood meetings, coffee room
discussions, student councils, political forums,
public hearings, lecture-discussions, etc.; and
 To become a fully-developed, thinking, and
forceful individual
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
11
Anxiety in Speech Communication
 State apprehension – specific to situations and
settings (interview fear, stage fright, speaking
with superiors, etc.)
 Trait apprehension – related to speaker’s
personality and occurring in any communication
situation
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
12
Ethics of Speaking in Public
 Honesty
 Maximise audience decision-making
 Maximise help, minimise harm
 Ego to serve others, not self
 Obey the law
 Observe cultural norms and values
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
13
General purposes of communication:
 To discover (to learn about the self and others through
social comparisons as well as knowledge of the world
 To relate (establish meaningful relationships with
others);
 To help (seek assistance from therapists, counselors,
teachers, parents, and friends);
 To persuade (manipulate, control, or influence); and
 To play or to have fun (to entertain and be
entertained
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
14
Functional areas of communication:
 Intrapersonal communication
 Interpersonal communication
 Small group communication
 Institutional communication
 Public communication
 Mass communication
 Intercultural communication
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
15
Components of Human
Communication
Verbal
 Spoken (Oral language)
 Written (Written language)
 Paralinguistic (Voice loudness, pitch, intonation)
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
16
Non-verbal
 Sight (Visual)
 Hearing (Auditory)
 Touch (Tactile; Haptics)
 Taste
 Smell (Olfactory)
 Space (Proxemic)
 Time (Temporal)
 Body language (including Kinesics)
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
17
Principles of Communication

Communication is a package of signals.
Verbal messages, gestures, or combination of these.
Packages of verbal and non-verbal behaviours.

Communication is a process of adjustment.
Communication takes place as long as the communicators are using the
same system of signals, both verbal and non-verbal.
Communicators are constantly adjusting and learning new signals.

Communication involves content and relationship dimensions.
The content aspect refers to the behavioural outcomes that are expected.
The relational aspect refers to how the communication process as well the
relationships are to be dealt with and maintained.
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
18
Principles of Communication
(cont’d…)

Communication sequences are punctuated.
Communication acts are continuous transactions but people break them up
to perceive them
Communication is a circular process of cause/effect and
stimulus/response.
Punctuation refers to the tendency for people to break up the various
communication transactions in sequences of stimulus and response.

Communication involves symmetrical and complemetary
transactions.
symmetrical relationship: Two individuals mirror each other's behaviour so that
the relationship is one of equality.
complementary relationship: Two individuals engage in different behaviours
which are maximised, but together form a whole.
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
19
Principles of Communication
(cont’d…)

Communication is a transactional process.
transaction: Communication is a process with interrelated components and
communicators that act and relate to each other as wholes.
Communication is a process; Components are interrelated; Communicators
act as wholes.

Communication in inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable.
inevitable: Communication takes place even though a person does not think
that he or she is communicating. This applies primarily in the case of nonverbal communication.
irreversible: Communication goes in one direction, and what has been
communicated cannot be uncommunicated.
unrepeatable: A given act of communication can never be repeated exactly the
same way twice.

Communication is multi-purposeful
FBMK UPM 2012
B. A. (English Language)
/BBI 3213 (Speech Communication)
20