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Discussion Questions 2/17 1. Discuss the major causes of the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917. 2. What were the main differences between the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917? 3. Describe Lenin’s NEP of 1921. 4. How did the groups of revolutionaries either succeed or fail during the Russian Revolutions? 5. Compare and contrast the Russian Revolution with the French Revolution. Revolution of 1917 WWI • Most didn’t know why they were fighting • 1st year Russia looses 4 million men! • At outbreak of war when private industry tried to help – Govt suspicious • Tsarina German! – Looked at Russians with contempt – Rasputin 1915 Duma Suspended • Would war kill liberalism and constitutionalism in Russia??? • Rasputin killed • Machine guns issued to police • Duma was the moderates = become more radical to save themselves Petrograd • Food scarce • Govt too inept to deal with this • March 8 1917 food riots begin – Become political insurrection • • • • • Troops sent into the city REFUSE TO FIRE ON CROWDS!!!!!! March 17 1917 Nicholas II steps down Bro refuses thrown Russia a republic!!! Bolshevik Revolution Nov 1917 • • • • Provisional Govt set up Stayed in war Promised land to peasants – didn’t deliver Many soldiers just turned around and went home Order No. 1 • March 14, 1917 • Command of army to committees elected by officers and soldiers • Discipline collapsed Lenin’s Return • Had been exiled in Germany • Germans send him back!!!! – Why??? • Wants four things – Immediate end of war – Transfer of mine and factories from capitalists to worker committees – Redistribution of land to peasants – Soviets as supreme power – Peace land bread Congress of Soviets • Resolutions – Peace – Abolish landlord property • March 1918 – Bolsheviks = Communist Party Civil War 1918-1922 • Dec 1917 Cheka – secret police formed (precursor to KGB) • January 1918 Red Army formed – Led by Trotsky • Food becomes main concern – Class war between peasants and city people • Red Army vs White Army – Red – communists – White – anyone against them Red Terror • Thousands killed as hostages • Thousands killed w/o trial – Exterminating all opposed to new regime – Class made a difference as to your loyalty – All bourgeois gone (or changed status) New Country • United Soviet Socialist Republic • USSR Answer to Nationalism • USSR in 1922 occupied 1/6 earth’s land area • Hundred of languages • 50 distinct nationalities recognized – – – – – Cultural autonomy Own language Own schools Own dress Own folkways (cultural laws) • Actually encouraged nationalism Soviet Govt • Authority in the hands of the central govt • Central govt controlled by party • One party allowed – Communists • Party controlled by Central Committee (about 70 people) • Central Committee controlled by Politburo (about 12 people) • Dominated over all – General Secretary (one man, started by Stalin) • Enforcement – Secret police – terror NEP • New Economic Policy 1921-1927 • State ownership of the basic productive industries – Food for machine made goods • But ended up favoring kulaks • Repaired worst damages of WWI and civil wars • But no real progress Changes to Women’s Rights • • • • Women got equal voting rights Right to divorce Access to birth control & abortion Receive more education Stalin v Trotsky • Lenin dies 1924 • Who will take over – Trotsky – war commissar, v. famous – Stalin – drawing all political strings to gain control – Lenin warns against Stalin • Stalin finds Trotsky guilty of treason – Exiled to Siberia – Banished from USSR – Ended up in Mexico