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Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames Ruffin Bailey North Carolina State University Template shamelessly stolen from Christian Casper Note: Two note taking applications • • Windows: Foxit Reader -http://www.foxitsoftware.com/pdf/reader/ Macintosh: Skim -http://skim-app.sourceforge.net/ QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Overview • • • • Bogost’s Background What are Unit Operations? Discussion of “Rhetorics” Discussion Questions Bogost’s Background • B.A. -- Philosophy and Comparative Literature -- USC • M.A. and Ph.D. -- Comparative Literature -UCLA – Worked with N. Katherine Hayles • Faculty at Georgia Tech – School of Literature, Communication, and Culture – Works with Janet Murray Bogost on the Report QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Unit Operations: Definition • “modes of meaning-making that privilege discrete, disconnected actions over deterministic, progressive systems.” • “unit operations privilege function over context, instances over longevity.” • “unit operations give us a lever for understanding any form of human production as potentially procedural.” Unit vs. System • “I contend that unit operations represent a shift away from system operations…” • “a movement away from the simple, orderly, static categorization of things.” • “In human biology, DNA nucleotide bonding displays unit operations; the Darwinian idea of acquired characteristics illustrates system operations.” • “The Internet, the brain, human genetics, and social fads are examples of complex, unitdriven networks.” Traditional “Rhetorics” • Socratic – Technical – Vs. Dialectic (“unknown conclusions”) • Sophistic – Demonstrative/performative • Aristotelian – Philosophical QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Burke Broadens • “While rhetoric still entails persuasion for Burke, he greatly expands its purview, arguing that it facilitates human action in general” (20) • “Wherever there is persuasion,” writes Burke, “there is rhetoric. And wherever there is ‘meaning,’ there is ‘persuasion’” (21). “New Rhetorics” • Visual – Emotional vs. Philosophical? (21ff) – Manipulated vs. Persuaded? (34) • Digital – Digital non-digital • Procedural • “Success means effective expression, not necessarily effective influence” (20) McDonald’s Video Game, “anti-advergame” (29) QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Save the Whales; Rhetoric? • “but the actions themselves are designed to generate provocation, not to make arguments for policy changes.” – Provocation isn’t rhetoric? • “Topics like taxation, deforestation, and globalization are not the usual subject matter of videogames… Procedural rhetoric is not limited to such anomalous specimens…”