Download Figure S1: Distal Humerus

Figure S1: Distal Humerus
Criteria
1
2
3
4
Ovis
The distal part of the medial epicondyle forms
a right angle.
Viewed from the lateral aspect, the pit on the
lateral condyle is broad and shallow.
The olecranon fossa on the posterior aspect of
the distal end is low and broadly u-shaped.
The grove on the posterior aspect of the lateral
condyle is continuous and unbroken right up
to the lateral epicondyle.
Capra
The distal part of the medial epicondyle forms an
oblique angle.
Viewed from the lateral aspect, the pit on the
lateral condyle is sharply defined and deep.
The olecranon fossa on the posterior aspect of
the distal end is high and narrowly v-shaped.
The grove on the posterior aspect of the lateral
condyle is bisected by a raised ridge running
lateral medially just below the lateral epicondyle.
Fig S1a
Ovis
1
2
Capra
1
2
Fig S1b
Ovis
3
Capra
3
4
4
Figure S2: Proximal Radius
Criteria
1
2
3
4
Ovis
The lateral bicipital tuberosity is rounded in
appearance and sits high up on the lateral side
of the proximal shaft, intersecting the edge of
the proximal articular surface directly without
an intervening sulcus.
The medial margin of the proximal articular
surface is oval or rounded in shape.
When viewed from the proximal aspect, the
central margin of the proximal articular
surface is level with both the lateral and
medial margins.
The medial facet of the proximal articular
surface is shallow and almost level with the
medial and anterior margins of the articular
surface.
Capra
The lateral bicipital tuberosity is rougher and
more angular and sits lower on the lateral side of
the proximal shaft, with a broad sulcus separating
it from the edge of the proximal articular surface.
The medial margin of the proximal articular
surface is angular and square in shape.
When viewed from the proximal aspect the
central margin of the proximal articular surface is
indented and more angular forming a v between
the lateral and medial margins.
The medial facet of the proximal articular surface
is more concave, with the medial and anterior
margins of the articular surface forming a lip
around the facet.
Fig S2
Ovis
Capra
1
1
2
2
4
4
3
3
Figure S3: Distal Radius
Criteria
1
2
Ovis
The facet for the articulation with the
intermediate carpal is shallow and broad.
The facet for the articulation with the radial
carpal is longer, narrower, and “tear-dropped”
in shape.
Capra
The facet for the articulation with the
intermediate carpal is deeply pitted.
The facet for the articulation with the radial
carpal is broader and more angular.
Fig S3
Ovis
Capra
1
2
1
2
Figure S4: Distal Tibia
Criteria
1
2
3
Ovis
When viewed from the anterior aspect, the
medial malleolus is straight so that the
articular surface faces laterally.
When viewed from the medial aspect, the
medial malleolus appears bulbous, bulging out
convexly in a medial direction.
When viewed from the medial aspect, the
medial malleolus is rounded on its anterior
side and slopes gradually on its posterior side.
Capra
When viewed from the anterior aspect, the
medial malleolus is twisted so that more of the
articular surface is exposed to view from the
anterior side.
When viewed from the medial aspect, the medial
malleolus appears flat or concave.
When viewed from the medial aspect, the medial
malleolus is angular on its anterior side and
slopes steeply on its posterior side.
Fig S4
Ovis
Capra
1
1
3
2
3
2
Figure S5: Distal Metapodials
Criteria
1
2
3
4
Ovis
The peripheral parts of the trochelar condyles
are larger in relation to the axial parts of the
trochlear condyles. In diameter these
peripheral parts are generally greater than 6364% of the diameter of the axial parts.
The peripheral parts of the trochlear condyles
are flatter.
The axial parts of the trochelear condyles on
the medial and lateral portions of the bone are
parallel to one another and to the long-axis of
the bone.
Metatarsal only: The junction between the 3rd
and 4th metatarsals on the anterior aspect of
the distal diaphysis right above the distal
epiphysis is flat and not indented.
Capra
The peripheral parts of the trochelar condyles are
smaller in relation to the axial parts of the
trochlear condyles. In diameter these peripheral
parts are generally less than 63-64% of the
diameter of the axial parts.
The peripheral parts of the trochlear condyles
flare outward from the axial part of the bone.
The axial parts of the trochelear condyles on the
medial and lateral portions of the bone angle
inward toward the axial part of the bone, giving
the distal end of the bone a “pigeon-toed” effect.
Metatarsal only: The junction between the 3rd
and 4th metatarsals on the anterior aspect of the
distal diaphysis right above the distal epiphysis is
grooved with two prominent ridges on either
side.
Fig S5
Ovis
Capra
1
1
4
4
2
2
3
3
Figure S6: Astragalus
Criteria
1
2
3
4
Ovis
When viewed from the anterior aspect, the
medial articular ridge is less strongly
expressed and more horizontally oriented.
When viewed from the lateral aspect, the
distal articular surface is semi-circular in
shape with a straight proximal edge that runs
across the entire lateral face of the bone.
The proximo-plantar projection of the medial
articular ridge of the trochlea forms a large
and bulbous lobe.
When viewed from the plantar aspect, the
medial articular ridge projects in a plantar
direction forming a continuous ridge from the
proximal lobe so that the medial side of the
plantar surface is higher than the lateral side.
Capra
When viewed from the anterior aspect, the
medial articular ridge is strongly expressed and
angled obliquely in a distal direction.
When viewed from the lateral aspect, the distal
articular surface forms a tear-drop shape, with a
convex proximal edge that does not extend to
either the plantar or the dorsal edge of the lateral
face of the bone.
The proximo-plantar projection of the medial
articular ridge of the trochlea is smaller and
flatter and may be more pointed.
When viewed from the plantar aspect, the medial
articular ridge is less strongly expressed so that
the medial and lateral sides of the plantar surface
are level with one another.
Fig S6a
Ovis
Capra
1
2
1
2
Fig S6b
Ovis
Capra
3
4
3
4
Figure S7: Calcaneus
Criteria
1
2
3
4
Ovis
The length of the articular facet for the os
malleolare on the lateral process is greater
than half of the length of the entire process.
The articular facet for the os malleolare is
longer than it is wide, and more rectangular in
shape.
The distal, indented end of the articular facet
slopes downward blending into the articularfree part of the lateral process.
The two articular facets for the astragalus are
separate.
Capra
The length of the articular facet for the os
malleolare on the lateral process is less than half
of the length of the entire process.
The articular facet for the os malleolare is wider
than it is long, and more triangular in shape.
The distal, indented end of the articular facet
slopes upward with a clear margin that
distinguishes it from the articular-free part of the
lateral process.
The two articular facets for the astragalus are
continuous.
Fig S7
Ovis
Capra
2
2
1
1
3
4
3
4
Figure S8: First Phalanx
Criteria
1
2
3
4
Ovis
The peripheral articulation on the proximal
end is more open, forming a broader arc,
mirroring the larger circumference of the
peripheral trochlear condyles of the
metapodials.
The groove between the peripheral and axial
articulations of the proximal end is shallow
and u-shaped, reflecting the smaller
differential between the sizes of the peripheral
and axial trochlear condyles of the
metapodials.
The originating points for ligaments on the
posterior side toward the distal end of the
bone are absent or only visible as a flat scar or
outline.
The posterior edge of the distal articular
surface is open or straight, so that the articular
sections of the distal end are hardly
distinguished from one another.
Capra
The peripheral articulation on the proximal end is
more closed, forming a tighter semi-circle,
mirroring the smaller circumference of the
peripheral trochlear condyles of the metapodials.
The groove between the peripheral and axial
articulations of the proximal end is deeper and vshaped, reflecting the greater differential
between the sizes of the peripheral and axial
trochlear condyles of the metapodials.
The originating points for ligaments on the
posterior side toward the distal end of the bone
are raised and pronounced.
The posterior edge of the distal articular surface
forms a v with its vertex at the articular grove
between the articular sections of the distal end.
Fig S8
Ovis
Capra
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Figure S9: Second Phalanx
Criteria
1
2
Ovis
The axial and peripheral halves of the distal
trochlear condyle both project only slightly
distally, giving the articular end a symmetrical
appearance when viewed either from the
posterior aspect or the distal end.
The posterior edge of the distal articular
surface is straight or only slightly indented
and the peripheral and axial halves of the
articular surface are relatively symmetrical.
Capra
The axial part of the distal trochlear condyle
projects more steeply distally, giving the articular
end an asymmetrical appearance when viewed
either from the posterior aspect or the distal end.
The posterior edge of the distal articular surface
is more sharply indented and the peripheral half
of the articular surface forms a ridge that
continues toward the proximal end giving the
distal articular surface an asymmetrical
appearance.
Fig S9
Ovis
Capra
1
1
2
2