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MAO ZEDONG (CHAIRMAN MAO) He established the political and economic structure that has remained in China until today. He ruled China from 1949 until his death in 1976, becoming its longestserving leader. He consolidated his control of China after the Chinese Civil war. (1946 – 1949) - One pamphlet on “The dismemberment of China” was to have a strong influence on Mao. - China was undergoing intense pressure internally and externally. http://secondchina.com/Learning_Modules/POL/content/POL_boxer_rebellion.html - Externally , following the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Japan was emerging as the dominant Asian power. This was evident after the first SinoJapanese war (1894-95), and the Russo-Japanese war (1904-05). - Internally, China was facing pressure for change, but the aristocracy was reluctant to change the feudal structure of the Chinese society. - Qing Dynasty was overthrown by the Double Ten Revolution (10/10/1911), led by Sun Yixian. - San min zhuyi or “Three people’s principles” (nationalism, democracy, people’s livelihood), this became the political ideology of the Guomindang or Nationalist Party which was created in 1912. - Sun was overthrown in 1913 by Yuan Shikai (one of his generals) and was forced into exile. - Yuan Shikai died in 1916 and China lapsed into a period of anarchy dominated by its warlords. - The period between 1916 and 1927 is known as the “Warlord Era” - Independent warlords undermined any attempts at centralization. - This situation allowed other nations, such Japan, to reassert their attempts to make China a Japanese protectorate. - Mao was to encounter this problem at first hand in Hunan when he came into conflict with Zhang Jingyao, its military governor. - Mao’s major influences: - Anaggresive and expansionist Japanese foreign policy. - A ruling elite that ignored the needs of the rural villages. - The perception that Western powers were attempting to exploit China. - The issue of regionalism. - Mao’s political activities coincided with the Paris Peace Conference (1919). - The major Western powers had agreed to Japan’s claims to Shandong. - China had entered WWI with the expectation that after the war the province would revert back to China. - Thousands of students protested on May, 4th 1919 against the Treaty of Versailles and denouncing the “Twenty-one demands”. http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/21demands.htm - The May, 4th movement was the paving way for the emergence of the CPC, which was established in Shanghai in 1921 (another branch of the party was established in Beijing). - Sun Yixian returned to China from exile and established a government at Guanzhou, led by the GMD. - Larges areas of China were still under the control of the warlords. - There were clear differences (ideologically) between CPC and GMD, a marriage for convenience took place, a political party with strong national support and the backing of military force would be needed if the warlords were to be defeated. - The CPC, with Russian Comintern support, was encouraged to form an alliance. This First United Front was proclaimed in 1924.