Download Monetary Policy

Economics I
Monetary Policy (2h)
Monetary Policy
• The aim of the lecture is to analyze the monetary policy of the central bank,
to define the objectives and instruments used to influence key
macroeconomic variables, to distinguish the expansive and restrictive type of
monetary policy and explain the effects of concrete instrument of monetary
policy. The objectives of the state, which are monitored within the monetary
policy, are part of the macroeconomic policy and represent partial steps to
the achievement of the basic objectives of macroeconomic stabilization
policy. There are three basic areas in monetary policy: the control of the
amount of money in the economy, the regulation of interest rates and setting
conditions for lending.
Content
• introduction – defining the goals
• monetary policy, its objectives and instruments
• types of monetary policy
• the effects of expansionary and restrictive monetary policy on the
economy
• Keynes transmission mechanism
• central bank dilemma
• monetary policy instruments of the Czech National Bank
• conclusion – summary, homework
Monetary policy, its objectives and instruments
• the assumptions for monetary policy performing
• the monetary policy – one of all central bank functions
• the objectives of monetary policy: the influence of employment and the
general price level, the unity of the objectives is important within the
overall national economic policy.
• direct instruments:
– liquidity rules,
– credit contingents,
– mandatory deposits,
– recommendations, challenges and agreements.
• indirect (market) instruments:
– reserves requirements (RR),
– open market operations (OMO),
– discount rate,
– re-rebate bills and lombard loan,
– conversion of currency and swap transactions,
– CB intervention at foreign exchange markets
(see currency policy).
Czech National Bank. The monetary policy
instruments. Available at WWW: http://www.cnb.cz
5
Expansive and restrictive monetary policy
• expansive:
SM
• restrictive:
SM
changes at money market
• central bank dilemma
o the central bank can either control the money supply or interest rate
o the CB is not able to manage both at the same time, and this fact is
known as the dilemma of the central bank
6
Keynesian transmission mechanism
- asumming an output gap
SM
i
I
AD
Y
u
„cheap credit policy “
+ asumming price stability
The effect of monetary expansion depends on whether the actual product is below
or above the potential product + it is necessary to distinguish short-term and
long-term perspective.
7
• Keynesian concept of expansive monetary policy assume the apparent
effect of liquidity:
SM
i
+ the economy is below the potential output - Keynesian macroeconomic
equilibrium approach
• M. Friedman's Monetarism questions the effect of liquidity: the growth of
output and the price level will cause an increase in money demand +
there is an influence of inflation expectations), assuming the economy is
at the level of potential output - that is the classical concept of
macroeconomic equilibrium
8
Expansive monetary policy in the long run
P
P3
P2
P1
LRAS
SRAS´
SRAS
SM
E3
E2
AD2
E1
AD1
Y*
AD
There is the growth
of price level and
nominal product; real
output and real
interest rates
unchanged.
Y
9
Literature
•
FRANK, R. H., BERNANKE, B. S. Principles of Macroeconomics. 3rd Edition. McGrawHill/Irwin: NY, 2007. ISBN 978-0-07-319397-7. 561 p.
•
MANKIW, G. N. Principles of Macroeconomics. 4 th ed. USA: Thomson SouthWestern, 2007. 583 p. ISBN 978-0-324-23695-8.
•
McCONNELL, C. R., BRUE, S. L. Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. 17th
ed. NY: McGraw/Irwin. 716 p. ISBN 978-0-07-312663-0.
•
SAMUELSON, P. A., NORDHAUS, W. D. Economics. 15th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1995.
Internet Sources
•
Czech National Bank. The monetary policy instruments. Available at www:
http://www.cnb.cz.
Homework
Exercise “Monetary Policy”
1. Using the AS/AD model graph the restrictive monetary policy in the form of
increasing reserve requirements (RR). Evaluate the impact on the economy.
Discuss the change in the money market and draw this change.
2. Using the AS/AD model graph the expansionary monetary policy in the form
of purchase of securities by the central bank. Evaluate the impact on the
economy. Discuss the change in the money market and draw this change.
3. Find the website of the Czech National Bank (http://www.cnb.cz) to
determine changes in setting its basic market (indirect) instruments for the
last 2 years. What kind of monetary policy has been conducted by the Czech
National Bank?