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The Rebirth of Reform Chapter 15 Section 4 Progress and Poverty • Henry George – published Progress and Poverty – 1879 – The century had been marked by an enormous increase in wealth-producing power – Poverty should be a thing of the past • But, it is not! – Led the way in challenging the ideas of Social Darwinism and laissez-faire economics Reform Darwinism • Lester Frank Ward published Dynamic Sociology – Used the ideas of Social Darwinism to create Reform Darwinism – Reform Darwinism – human beings are different from other animals in nature b/c they have the ability to think ahead and make plans to produce the future outcomes they desire Reform Darwinism • People had succeeded in the world b/c of their ability to cooperate, not their ability to compete • Govt. could regulate the economy, cure poverty, and promote education more efficiently than competition in the marketplace Naturalism • Social Darwinists and realists argued that… – People could control their lives and make choices to improve their situation • Naturalism challenged the ideas of Social Darwinists and realists – new style of writing – criticism of industrial society Naturalism • Naturalists argued that some people fail in life b/c they were caught up in circumstances they could not control – Leaving society and the economy unregulated did not always lead to the best result – Sometimes people’s lives were destroyed through no fault of their own The Social Gospel • Movement from 1870-1920 • Focused on making better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideals of charity and justice • Washington Gladden – minister and early advocate – Tried to apply “Christian law” to society The Social Gospel • Walter Rauschenbusch – Baptist preacher and leader of the movement – Either condemn the world and see it change or tolerate it and conform to it – B/l that competition was the cause of many social problems • Caused good people to behave badly Settlement House • Participants b/l it was their Christian duty to improve living conditions for the poor • Jane Adams – reformer – Established settlement houses in poor neighborhoods • Middle class residents lived and helped poor residents (mostly immigrants) • This movement helped to shape the social work profession Public Education • Numbers of schools grew b/c industrialization and urbanization – There was a need for more workers that were trained and educated • Immigrant children learned about American culture in schools – Americanization (assimilation) – Learned English, American History, and citizenship • Schools tried to instill discipline and a strong work ethic