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Bozeman Plant Structure – pg 103 Plant Structure and Transport Chapter 35 + 36 Pg 105 Plant Evolution • Challenges of moving to land from Green Algae – Chlorophyta (protist) • 1. Obtaining H2O • 2. Transporting H2O • 3. Preventing desiccation • 4. Support against gravity • 5. Reproduction without H2O 1. Bryophytes – most primitive land plant • • • • • – Small and grow close to ground – no adaptation for growing against gravity Antheridium – male gametes Archegonium – female gametes – Female gamete surrounds sperm and prevents desiccation and injury Cuticle – waxy coating – prevents desiccation Stomata – contain guard cells which regulate gas exchange and water loss. NO innovations for H2O transport – non vascular Grow in damp, moist environments 2. Tracheophytes – vascular plants • Pterophyta – Seedless or spores • Kept all the innovations from Bryophyta • Added • Roots – water uptake • Vascular tissue – Xylem – transports H20 and mineral from roots to leaves – Phloem – transports sugar from photosynthesis from leaves to rest of plant • Lignin – supports the plant against gravity • Hormones – regulate development 3. Gymnosperms – seed vascular with no fruit • Coniferophyta • Kept all innovations from Bryophyta and Pterophyta • Added • Ovule (seed) with archegonium (small) – Found in cones • Pollen tube – replaces the antheridium – no need for H2O 4. Angiosperms – seed with fruit • Anthophyta • Kept all innovations from Bryophyta, Pterophyta and Coniferophyta • Added • Ovary (fruit) – surround the ovule (seed) • Double fertilization – endosperm which provide nutrients to the developing zygote • Stamen with pollen – male reproductive structure – No more antheridium • Ovule and ovary – female reproductive structure – No more archegonium Pg 104 • Bubble Map – Adaptations for surviving on land • summary Angiosperms – Plant Morphology - 107 • Dominant plant on Earth • Major parts – – – – – – – – – – – Terminal or Apical bud Axillary bud Flower – reproductive shoot Leaf – Petiole + blade Vegetative branch Stem – w/ vascular tissue Node Internode Taproot – main root Lateral roots Root hairs Carpel Stigma Anther Style Stamen Ovary Filament Petal Sepal Receptacle Ovule The Flower • Parts to know • Structure / Function – Pistil / carpel • • • • Stigma Style Ovary Ovule – Stamen • Anther • Filament – Sepal – Petal Angiosperm Plant Types Angiosperm Plant Types – pg 603 • Monocot – narrow leafed flowering plant such as a grass, lily, orchid, or palm • Dicot (Eudicot) – broad leafed flowering plant such as roses, maples, sunflowers, and squash Plant Part Monocot Dicot Cotyledon 1 2 Veins in Leaves Parallel Netlike Vascular Tissue - stem Scattered Ring Roots Fibrous Taproot Pollen Grains 1 opening 3 openings Flower Parts Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5 Pg 106 • Venn Diagram or Double Bubble – Monocots vs. Dicots • Summarize – Compare and contrast Bozeman Plant Nutrition and Transport – pg 109 Plant Transport Chapter 36 111 REVIEW • Transport – movement of molecules • Passive transport – down a concentration gradient with out energy – Osmosis – water • Aquaporins – assist water through bilayer – Facilitated Diffusion - large / polar molecules with transport protein – Simple diffusion – small molecules directly through bilayer • Active transport – against a concentration gradient with energy – Endocytocis – engulf large molecules – Exocytosis – remove large molecules – Pumps – ions / large molecules Proton Pumps • Cotransport • Creates a proton concentration gradient using ATP so other molecules can passively enter the plant cell. – Sugar, NO3- Pg 110 • Transport (passive and active) concept map • Give an example of a SPECIFIC substance that uses each type. • IQ 36.6 Water Potential and Osmosis - 113 • Water Potential = Ψ • Water moves from a higher water potential to a lower water potential • Ψ = Ψs + Ψp • Ψs = solute potential (osmotic potential) – Adding solutes to a solution lowers the solute potential and there fore the overall water potential • Ψp = pressure potential Osmosis and Plant Cells • Isotonic – external solute concentration the same as the internal solute concentration – Water moves in and out at the same rate – Dynamic Equilibruim – Flaccid or wilty • Hypertonic – external solute concentration greater than the internal solute concentration – Water moves out of cell • Plasmolyszed • Hypotonic – internal solute concentration greater that external solute concentration – Water moves in – Turgid • Healthy plant Initial flaccid cell: = 0 s = –0.7 Plasmolyzed cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings = 0 s = –0.9 0.4 M sucrose solution: = 0 s = –0.9 = –0.7 MPa = –0.9 MPa = –0.9 MPa (a) Initial conditions: cellular > environmental . The cell loses water and plasmolyzes. After plasmolysis is complete, the water potentials of the cell and its surroundings are the same. Distilled water: =0 s = 0 = 0 MPa Turgid cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings = 0.7 s = –0.7 = 0 MPa (b) Initial conditions: cellular < environmental . There is a net uptake of water by osmosis, causing the cell to become turgid. When this tendency for water to enter is offset by the back pressure of the elastic wall, water potentials are equal for the cell and its surroundings. (The volume change of the cell is exaggerated in this diagram.) 112 • IQ 36.1 Xylem vs. Phloem Transport – Bulk Flow 115 Xylem Dead Cells – Tracheids Water and Minerals Phloem Living Cells – Sieve Tube Members Organic Compounds (sugar) Unidirectional Movement (up) Bi-Directional Movement (down, up, side to side) Fast – max rate 15 meters / hr Slow – max flow rate 1 meter / hr NO ATP - Passive ATP - Active Transpiration Translocation Bulk Flow – Water and Minerals - 113 • Transpiration – “pulling” of water from the roots to the leaves of plants – Hydrogen Bonding • Cohesion – keeps H2O together as it is pulled upward • Adhesion – keeps H2O from falling with gravity – Sticks to the sides of the xylem Transpiration – pg 748 • Chain Reaction – Water evaporates through open stomata – Pulls water from mesophyll cells to the stomata – Plant cells shrink (plasmolysize) due to the loss of water – Tension is created which pulls the water in the xylem up the plant to replace the water in the plasmolysized cells Xylem sap Outside air Y = –100.0 MPa Mesophyll cells Stoma Leaf Y (air spaces) = –7.0MPa Transpiration Leaf Y (cell walls) = –1.0 MPa Atmosphere Xylem cells Water potential gradient Trunk xylem Y = – 0.8 MPa Water molecule Adhesion Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem Cell wall Cohesion, by hydrogen bonding Water molecule Root xylem Y = – 0.6 MPa Root hair Soil Y = – 0.3 MPa Soil particle Water uptake from soil Water 114 • Flow Map – Transpiration • Summarize Factors that affect transpiration - 117 • Heat – increases rate – CAM plants have stomata on the underside of the leaves that can close to conserve H2O • Wind – increases rate • Humidity – decreases rate • # of stomata – increases rate Transpiration Regulation • Guard cells around the stomata in the epidermis of the plant leaf • CO2 enters, O2 leaves and H2O evaporates • Light stimulates the stomata to open to allow CO2 to enter for photosynthesis Transpiration Regulation Stomatal closing Stomatal opening • 1. Potassium ions move out of the vacuole and out of the cells. • 2. Water moves out of the vacuoles, following potassium ions. • 3. The guard cells shrink in size - plazmolysize • 4. The stomata closes. 1. Potassium ions move into the vacuoles. 2. Water moves into the vacuoles, following potassium ions. 3. The guard cells expand - turgid 4. The stomata opens. 20 116 • Bubble map – Factors that affect transpiration rates • Summarize – WHY transpiration is affected. Link to water potential. Pg 118-119 • Chapter 35 and 36 EK