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Jan Roscoe Publications
Edexcel A Level Examinations
Physical Education
Advanced GCE A2
A2 Unit 3
Preparation for Optimum Sports Performance
Section 3.1 Short-term preparation
Short-term technical preparation
H - Ergogenic aids
Ergogenic aids
INDEX
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4
5
6
7
8
9
- ERGOGENIC AIDS
- ERGOGENIC AIDS
- ERGOGENIC AIDS CREATINE
- ERGOGENIC AIDS GLUTAMINE
- ERGOGENIC AIDS CAFFEINE
- ERGOGENIC AIDS ALCOHOL
- ERGOGENIC AIDS LEGAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
ALTITUDE TRAINING
10 - ERGOGENIC AIDS LEGAL PSYCHOLOGICAL
11 - ERGOGENIC AIDS THERAPIES
12 - ERGOGENIC AIDS MECHANICAL
13 - ERGOGENIC AIDS MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
14 - ERGOGENIC AIDS CLOTHING
15 - PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING PRODUCTS IN
SPORT
16 - A DEFINITION OF ILLEGAL DRUG TAKING…
17 - ILLEGAL ERGOGENIC AIDS
18 - CATEGORIES OF SUBSTANCES USED IN SPORT
20 - ERGOGENIC AIDS ILLEGAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
BLOOD DOPING
21 - ERGOGENIC AIDS ILLEGAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
rEPO
22 - ERGOGENIC AIDS ILLEGAL PHARMACEUTICAL
AMPHETAMINES / BETA BLOCKERS
23 - ERGOGENIC AIDS HGH /ANABOLIC STEROIDS
24 - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
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A2 Physical Education unit 3
26 - WHY TAKE DRUGS IN SPORT?
28 - HOW CAN AN ATHLETE BENEFIT FROM
DOPING?
29 - HOW CAN WE STOP ATHLETES FROM
DOPING?
30 - HOW DOES DRUG-TESTING WORK?
31 - THE IOC AND DRUG-TAKING
32 - THE ROLE OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING
AGENCY (WADA)
33 - KEY PRIORITIES FOR WADA
34 - THE WHEREABOUTS RULE
36 - THE ATHLETE PASSPORT
Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
A2 Physical Education unit 3
ERGOGENIC AIDS
legal physiological
nutrition
illegal physiological
ERGOGENIC AIDS
therapies
illegal pharmaceutical
mechanical
psychological
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
A2 Physical Education unit 3
ERGOGENIC AIDS
ERGOGENIC AID
any substance or method which
enhances performance
the term ergogenic aid includes any
method used in training which has this
effect
including training equipment and
nutrition
as well as doping and supplementation
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
A2 Physical Education unit 3
ERGOGENIC AIDS
NUTRITIONAL
DIETARY MANIPULATION
CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION
creatine is a substance found in skeletal muscle
and can be obtained from a normal diet - white meat
and fish
stored as phosphocreatine (PC)
supplementation increases PC levels to enhance the ATPPC system of ATP resynthesis
creatine also assists intense anaerobic exercise via muscle
rehydration
creatine supplementation delays the alactic / lactic
threshold
this is a legal ergogenic aid
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
NUTRITIONAL
DIETARY MANIPULATION
GLUTAMINE
is an amino acid forming part of skeletal muscle and
immune cells
supplementation after exercise therefore reinforces
the immune system and reduces the risk of infection
glutamine enhances the process of glycogen
synthesis in recovering muscles
glutamine is a legal ergogenic aid
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
NUTRITIONAL
DIETARY MANIPULATION
CAFFEINE
stimulates the CNS but acts as a diuretic - this can
lead to dehydration
used to be illegal in large quantities, rules changed in
2002, when drinking large amounts of coffee became
legal again!
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
NUTRITIONAL
DIETARY MANIPULATION
ALCOHOL
a relaxant in quite small quantities
absorbed into the body as an alternative to water
therefore causes dehydration
quite small quantities of alcohol can cause a drastic loss of
performance
alcohol is a legal ergogenic aid - but anyone using it as such
must be aware of the consequences!
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
LEGAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
ALTITUDE TRAINING
a predominantly endurance-based exercise programme used
by elite endurance athletes from a range of sports
consisting of 2 visits of at least two weeks duration per visit,
to altitude (normally between 1800-3000 metres)
second visit just prior to major competition
training at altitude uses the fact that the body will create
more haemoglobin
to compensate for the reduction in oxygen available
benefits: reversible physiological adaptations
– increased Hb concentration
– increases in myoglobin mitochondria and oxidative
enzymes
hence on return to sea level we have an increased VO2max
and tissue cell respiration leading to enhanced aerobic
performance
risks: hypoxia, altitude sickness
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
LEGAL PSYCHOLOGICAL
imagery / hypnosis / visualisation stimulate
mental rehearsal of relevant skills
by activating neural pathways that reinforce skill
many athletes use music via ipod etc
to stimulate rhythm of an activity
or to produce calmness prior to an activity
requiring control at full effort
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
LEGAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
THERAPIES
physiotherapy / acupuncture / herbal medicines used in
injury treatment
also used to reduce muscle soreness (DOMS) and aid recovery of
local damaged tissue
ice baths and ice belts to reduce joint and muscle inflammation
produced by microtears in tissue produced by intense training
ice / cooling jackets to attempt to reduce core temperature in very
hot conditions (see tennis players in long hot matches)
the Australian rowing eight at the
Atlanta Olympics 1996 wearing ice
jackets during the final
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
MECHANICAL
NASAL STRIPS
use of sticky plaster placed over bridge of nose to
enlarge nasal cavity
enables easier breathing
SPECIALIST EQUIPMENT
carbon fibre bike frames are
lighter and aerodynamically
more efficient
bike helmets are shaped to
reduce drag / air resistance
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
MECHANICAL
SPECIALIST EQUIPMENT
specialist training machines specific to the sport
– concept II ergo rower
– swimming ergo
– flumes for rowing / swimming / canoeing
– treadmill
– spinning bikes with varying loading
resistance training equipment such as weight training machines or pulley
machines (with stacks or hydraulic)
– many of these are now designed to mimic the sports movement
– which make the movement specific to the sport
towing sledges / parachutes to increase resistance for running
hypobaric (low pressure / low oxygen / hypoxic) chambers, to have
similar effects as altitude training
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
MECHANICAL
SPECIALIST CLOTHING
lycra sports clothing reduces air resistance (cycling and
sprinting)
special shark suits for the swimmers - reduce drag
swim hats reduce drag on the head
compression clothing
(rubber belts or strapping) to increase hydrostatic pressure
within body part
– one shoulder javelin suit
– bench press suits
– squatting suits
– weight lifting belts
force from the pressure supports the tissue enclosed from
the inside
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING PRODUCTS IN SPORT
the following slides look at doping as a deviant feature
of sports behaviour
and:
– give a summary of illegal ergogenic aids (doping)
– discuss the ethics of doping
– discuss the testing procedures in place to deter
drug cheats
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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A DEFINITION OF ILLEGAL DRUG TAKING - DOPING
the International Olympic Committee considers
doping to be:
‘the administration of or use by a competing
athlete of any substance foreign to the
body or any physiological substance taken
in abnormal quantity or taken by abnormal
route of entry into the body with the sole
intention of increasing in an artificial and
unfair manner his / her performance in a
competition’
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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ILLEGAL ERGOGENIC AIDS
blood doping
rEPO
rHGH
anabolic
anabolic steroids
steroids
ILLEGAL
ERGOGENIC AIDS
diuretics
beta
beta blockers
blockers
stimulants
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
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CATEGORIES OF SUBSTANCES USED IN SPORT…
type of substance
ergogenic effects
stimulants e.g.
amphetamines,
ephedrine
reduce fatigue,
increase alertness &
aggression,
suppresses appetite
rHGH
stimulate naturally
occurring HGH:
increases blood
glucose, protein
synthesis, lean body
mass, bone growth
enhances healing
anabolic steroid
increases protein
synthesis, fat free
mass (FFM) strength,
power
recombin
ant human growth
hormone (cloned
through genetic
engineering)
related to naturally
occurring hormone
testosterone
e.g. testosterone,
nandrolone
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reduces recovery time
between sessions,
promotes
aggressiveness
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health risks
sports used in
can cause lasting
tissue & organ
damage,
masks
injury, addiction,
death(!)
muscle/joint
weakness,
acromegaly causes
bone thickening of
hands, feet and
jaw, diabetes,
enlargement of
organs, heart dis.
cycling, boxing,
rugby
liver damage,
cardiovascular
diseases, acne,
pituitary failure,
testicular atrophy,
explosive events
– sprinting,
weight lifting,
swimming
explosive events
– sprinting,
weight lifting,
swimming
excessive aggressive
behaviour outside the
activity
Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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Ergogenic aids
A2 Physical Education unit 3
CATEGORIES OF SUBSTANCES USED IN SPORT…
type of substance
diuretics
e.g. triamterene,
bendrofluazide
rEPO
recombinant
erythropoietin
cloned through
genetic
engineering
rEPO is a form of
blood doping
beta blockers
class of hormonal
drugs e.g.
atenolol,
propanalol
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ergogenic effects
health risks
reduces weight
quickly, hence
increasing urine flow
dehydration and
heat loss
impairment
also used as a
masking agent
loss of water soluble
vitamins
mimics body’s
naturally occurring
hormone EPO that
stimulates red blood
cell production,
increasing aerobic
capacity,
reduces production
of naturally
occurring EPO
aids recovery in
endurance events
blocks transmission
of SNS to reduce HR
and BP
major risk of
thrombosis and
heart failure due to
increase blood
viscosity
sports used in
used by gymnasts
and combat sports
where there are
bodyweight
categories
any endurance
activity, distance
cycling (Tour de
France), marathon
running
reduces resting
heart rate to
dangerously low
level during sleep
dangerously low HR
could lead to heart
failure
shooting, archery,
snooker, darts
to give calming effect
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
ILLEGAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
BLOOD DOPING
this practice refers to any method by which the total volume of red
blood cells can be increased
the original method involved the removal of athlete’s own blood which
is then stored
the athlete’s body then remanufactures blood to replace that taken
then the stored blood is reinfused
this temporarily increases red blood cell count (polycythemia)
problem of mis-matching can lead to a transfusion reaction
increases VO2max and hence energy delivery to enhance aerobic
performances
the method includes the use of rEPO - see next slide
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
ILLEGAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
EPO (erythropoietin) is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell
production
rEPO (recombinant erythropoietin) is cloned through genetic
engineering
involves infusion of hormone recombinant erythropoietin 6
weeks prior to major event
stimulating erythrocytes (up to 10% more) - red blood cells
increases VO2max and hence energy delivery to enhance aerobic
performances
but elevates red blood cell production that can reach toxic lifethreatening levels
other risks are blood clots, strokes / coronary thrombosis, very
low resting heart rates
there have been many test failures for this substance in Tour de
France cyclists and distance runners
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
ILLEGAL PHARMACEUTICAL
AMPHETAMINES
act as CNS stimulants to increase arousal levels
BETA BLOCKERS
reduce HR and BP thereby reducing tension, but can
lead to heart failure
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ERGOGENIC AIDS
ILLEGAL PHARMACEUTICAL
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH)
stimulates bone growth and increased lean body
mass
give artificial increased strength / power outputs
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
increase lean body mass, but reduce natural
secretions of gonadotrophins
females acquire masculine features such as facial and
body hair and deep voices
give artificial increased strength / power outputs
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
genetic engineering
modern technology allows us to manipulate human
genes to make them more powerful / more efficient than
average genes
this form of performance enhancement is seen by both
WADA and the IOC as being illegal
laboratories in various countries are continuously working
to devise new substances which cannot be tested by
current drug tests
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DOPING METHODS - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
gene doping uses the injection of foreign genes via a
virus into the target cells
example: insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a
protein that is important in promoting the growth of
skeletal muscle
this protein is used to treat muscle-wasting
disorders, such as muscular dystrophy
injected into an athlete, such a virus could carry a
performance-enhancing gene and splice it into a
muscle cell to increase muscle mass and achieve
increased muscle hypertrophy
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WHY TAKE DRUGS IN SPORT?
the notion that athletes participate in sport ‘for
the love of the game’ has dramatically faded in
recent years
with the promise of fame and wealth for
successful athletes, it is little wonder that
performers are persuaded to illegally enhance
their performance
put simply, athletes take drugs in order to win
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WHY TAKE DRUGS IN SPORT?
another fallacy widely put forward by the less
successful sportsperson:
is that you have to take drugs to succeed
‘because everyone at the top must be taking
drugs’
people who believe this cannot believe that
someone else may be better than they are!!!
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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HOW CAN AN ATHLETE BENEFIT FROM DOPING?
the ability to
train harder
an increased chance of
success
an increase in
aggression
weight control
muscle hypertrophy
to control nerves
becoming faster or
stronger
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Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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HOW CAN WE STOP ATHLETES FROM DOPING?
random testing
education
programmes –
for players &
coaches
strict punishments
unified NGB policies
more money &
research into
testing programmes
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liaison between
relevant organisations
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use of both positive &
negative role models
Section 3.1 H: Short-term preparation - Technical
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HOW DOES DRUG-TESTING WORK?
athletes chosen for test
athlete produces urine or blood sample
urine / blood sent for testing
sample tested
positive
negative
investigation by NGB
no further action
athlete must provide
explanation
sample usually
destroyed
NGB hearing, athlete
to plead case
but sometimes kept
for testing later
punishment if found guilty
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THE IOC AND DRUG-TAKING
the IOC has taken a unified stance against
performance-enhancing drugs
a list of illegal drugs has been published,
laboratories have been accredited for their
consistent & precise testing of drugs
the IOC also sponsors conferences regarding
the topic of drug-taking
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THE ROLE OF THE WORLD ANTIDOPING AGENCY (WADA)
WADA is an international independent
organisation, based in Montreal, Canada
established in 1999
it promotes, co-ordinates and monitors the
movement against doping and drug-taking
in sport
it is funded by the sports movement &
governments of the world
WADA coordinated the world anti-doping
code, which brings together anti-doping
policies in sports across the world
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KEY PRIORITIES FOR WADA
adoption, implementation & compliance of the world
anti-doping code
promoting global research to identify & detect doping
substances
developing & maintaining an anti-doping system
(Adams)
aiding the co-ordination of regional anti-doping
organisations
leading effective education programmes to prevent
doping in sport
educating international level athletes regarding doping
enabling stakeholders to fulfil responsibilities of random,
out of competition testing
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THE WHEREABOUTS RULE
the British Olympic Committee and UK sport have a
widespread random drug testing programme
to miss two of these random tests results in sanctions and to
miss for a third time produces an automatic one year ban
this happened to Christine Ohuruogu – World and Olympic
champion in track and field athletics
this was in spite of her passing many other tests during the
period when this was happening
she was forced to miss the 2006 season during her ban
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THE WHEREABOUTS RULE
under the WADA rules brought in January 1st 2009, athletes
in all Olympic sports are required to state 3 months in
advance their locations for 1 hour per day, 7 days a week
this is the time during which random testing could take
place
this is called the ‘whereabouts rule’ and this rule has
provoked anger from tennis players, such as Andy Murray,
Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer, who feel that the European
Union privacy law has been breached
in season, testing normally takes place after competitions or
matches
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THE ATHLETE PASSPORT
WADA has introduced the “Athlete Passport” which contains
an on-going collection of an individual’s urine and blood profiles
which have so far been collected and tested
during the international athlete’s performance lifespan
samples are stored and then made available for retro-testing
when appropriate
it is projected that future profile collection could include endocrine
information
http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources/Q-and-A/AthletePassport/
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