Download Option A3 Non-Nutritional Ergogenic Aids Answers

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Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
Ergogenic Aids
A.3.1
What is an Ergogenic Aid?
Answer
“An ergogenic aid is any substance or phenomenon that improves an athlete’s
performance, especially by limiting fatigue symptoms”
2.
Doping Methods
Some athletes resort to illegal methods in order to maximize their performance;
to the extent, that not only are they disqualified from competing if found guilty,
but they put their lives at risk.
Two illegal methods of stimulating the effects of altitude training and
improving enduring performance are:
o Blood doping
o rEPO Recombinant Erythropoietin
How can blood doping and rEPO lead to an improvement in VO2 Max?
Past Exam Q: How can specific training increase an athlete’s VO2
Max?
Blood doping and rEPO lead to an improvement in VO2 max as they enable
the sportsperson to work at a higher rate for longer and therefore
considerably enhance aerobic performance due to:
o Increase Red Blood Cells - Increase in Haemoglobin - increase the VO2
max -increase oxygen uptake and carrying capacity – therefore increases
energy delivery to enhance aerobic performance
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Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
A.3.3 , A.3.5 & A.3.6
Very Brief
Doping Classes
DRUG
DESCRIPTION and outline the
actual benefits some athletes
would hope to gain

Artificially produced hormones
Liver damage, acne, excessive
aggression
Promote muscle growth and lean
body weight
Testosterone
Testosterone

DRUG
Harmful effects of long term
use

s
 and
related
substanc
es
 (Human
growth
hormone
(testoster
one)
insulin)
anabolic
steroids*
Very Important
maintaining muscle mass, bone
density, levels of red blood cells,
and a general sense of vigor and
well-being.
Cardiac risk factors
Hypertension
Liver damage
High blood pressure- stroke
DESCRIPTION and outline the
Harmful effects of long term
actual benefits some athletes
use
would hope to gain
Erythropoietin (EPO)*
Erythropoietin (EPO)*
A hormone produced by the kidney that
promotes the formation of red blood
cells in the bone marrow – increase
haemoglobin levels.
EPO then stimulates the bone marrow
to produce more red cells and thereby
increase the oxygen-carrying capacity
of the body (blood) and can lead to an
increase in the amount of work
performed.
EPO has been much misused as a
performance-enhancing drug in
endurance athletes including some
cyclists (in the Tour de France), longdistance runners, speed skaters, and
Nordic (cross-country) skiers.
Dehydration can further increase the
viscosity of the blood, blood clotting,
increasing the risk for heart attacks
and strokes.
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Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
Human Growth Hormone – (HGH) Human Growth Hormone –
(HGH)
 It is produced by the pituitary




gland and is essential for normal
growth and development. hGH is The side-effects of hGH are vast and
anabolic, meaning it accelerates some serious: here are some;
protein synthesis and also aids
 Gigantism in younger athletes
the metabolism (breaking down)
(or pituitary gigantism or
of fat stores.
giantism. Refers to abnormally
excessive growth in height,
Athletes involved in powerful,
considerably above average)
strength demanding sports and

Acromegaly in adult athletes
events (weight lifting, body
(a condition where the pituitary
building, American football etc)
gland produces too much hGH,
are most likely to use hGH due
resulting in the growth and
to its perceived anabolic effect:
swelling of body parts, typically
hands, feet, nose but can
Increased muscle mass
progress to brow and jaw
Decreased fat stores
protrusion and swelling of
Accelerated muscle recovery
internal organs)
 Hypothyroidism (low
production of the thyroid
hormone which disrupts
metabolic rate and protein
production)
 Cardiac failure
 Hypercholesterolemia
(presence of high levels of
cholesterol in the blood)
 Arthritis
 Diabetes
 Impotence
 Osteoporosis
 Menstrual irregularities in
women
http://www.teachpe.com/drugs/h
gh.php
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Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
Masking agents*
Diuretics
and
masking agents

DRUG
are products that can potentially
conceal the presence of a
prohibited substance in urine or
other samples.
Diuretics*

causes frequent urination in an
effort to hide banned
substances.
DESCRIPTION and outline the
actual benefits some athletes
would hope to gain
Help to calm an individual down
Beta
blockers*
Blood
Doping
Water loss causing dehydration.
Upset stomach, feeling faint, dizziness
and low blood pressure.
Affects thermoregulation.
Can cause increased loss of
electrolytes/mineral salts, leading to
fatigue, muscle cramping, exhaustion
and cardiac arrest.
 Associated with kidney
failure/disease.
Diuretics*
Water loss causing dehydration.
Upset stomach, feeling faint, dizziness
and low blood pressure.
Affects thermoregulation.
Can cause increased loss of
electrolytes/mineral salts, leading to
fatigue, muscle cramping, exhaustion
and cardiac arrest.
 Associated with kidney
failure/disease.
Harmful effects of long term
use
Tiredness due to low blood pressure
and slower heart rate
Can improve accuracy in precision
sports through steadying the nerves
Blood is removed and stored; the body
then compensates for this loss and
makes more red blood cells.
The stored blood is then injected back
into the performer, giving them a
higher red blood count
To improve aerobic capacity through
increasing the oxygen carrying capacity
of the body, allowing the performer to
work for longer and therefore
considerably enhance aerobic
performance due to:
The viscosity of the blood could
increase, leading to clotting and a risk
of death
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Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
- Increase Red Blood Cells - Increase in
Haemoglobin
- increase the VO2 max
- increase oxygen uptake and carrying
capacity – therefore increases energy
delivery to enhance aerobic
performance
Stimulants is a name given to several
groups of drugs that tend to increase
alertness and physical processes in the
body.
Stimulants*
Caffeine (important)
 increase danger of dehydration
Legal stimulants include:
 caffeine*
 nicotine
Caffeine thought to improve the
mobilisation of fatty acids in the body.
Illegal stimulants include:
 Amphetamines
 cocaine and crack
Performance enhancing drugs are taken by sports performers specifically to
improve their performance.
Social drugs are controlled usually taken to heighten feelings or emotions
 Alcohol
 Tobacco
 Drugs -
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Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
Match the following terms with the correct description below:






Nutritional Ergogenic Aids
Non-Nutritional Ergogenic Aids
Pharmalogical Aids
Mechanical Aids
Physiological Aids
Psychological Aids
Nutritional
Ergogenic Aids
Categories and Examples of Ergogenic Aids
Refers to substances that enhance performance (either by
affecting energy metabolism or by an effect on the central
nervous system), at increasing lean body mass or muscle
mass by reducing fat content.
Non-Nutritional
Ergogenic Aids
Pharmalogical Aids
Carbohydrate loading, sports drinks, caffeine intake and the
consumption of other substances commonly available in
food supply (creatine, protein powders, and amino acid
powders)
Anabolic steroids, hormones and related substances,
diuretics and masking agents, beta blockers and stimulants
Anabolic steroids (includes testosterone), high dose
nutrient supplements (vitamins and minerals).
Pharmacological effect – beyond the nutritional effect you
would expect from a normal intake.
Exam Q: PA appear on the banned list as they give
athletes a (1) unfair advantage and does not place them on
a level playing field, (2) also means there is a moral
obligation to compete fairly (3) is substance to address
personal health or increase their performance
Free weights to develop strength, light weight racing
Mechanical Aids
shoes, nasal strips to improve airflow to the lungs, running
parachute for resistance to develop strength
Blood doping, sauna, massage and other forms of physio
Physiological Aids
therapy
Hypnosis, relaxation techniques, imagery techniques,
Psychological Aids
motivational techniques.
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A.3.2
Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
What do we mean by the Placebo effect?
Answer
A placebo is anything that seems to be a "real" medical treatment -- but isn't. It
could be a pill, a shot, or some other type of "fake" treatment. What all
placebos have in common is that they do not contain an active substance meant
to affect health.
How Are Placebos Used?
Researchers use placebos during studies to help them understand what effect a
new drug or some other treatment might have on a particular condition.
For instance, some people in a study might be given a new drug to lower
cholesterol. Others would get a placebo. None of the people in the study will
know if they got the real treatment or the placebo.
Researchers then compare the effects of the drug and the placebo on the
people in the study. That way, they can determine the effectiveness of the new
drug and check for side effects.
What Is the Placebo Effect?
Sometimes a person can have a response to a placebo. The response can be
positive or negative. For instance, the person's symptoms may improve. Or the
person may have what appears to be side effects from the treatment. These
responses are known as the "placebo effect."
There are some conditions in which a placebo can produce results even when
people know they are taking a placebo. Studies show that placebos can have an
effect on conditions such as:





Depression
Pain
Sleep disorders
Irritable bowel syndrome
Menopause
In one study involving asthma, people using a placebo inhaler did no better on
breathing tests than sitting and doing nothing. But when researchers asked for
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Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
people's perception of how they felt, the placebo inhaler was reported as being
as effective as medicine in providing relief.
How Does the Placebo Effect Work?
Research on the placebo effect has focused on the relationship of mind and
body. One of the most common theories is that the placebo effect is due to a
person's expectations. If a person expects a pill to do something, then it's
possible that the body's own chemistry can cause effects similar to what a
medication might have caused.
For instance, in one study, people were given a placebo and told it was a
stimulant. After taking the pill, their pulse rate sped up, their blood pressure
increased, and their reaction speeds improved. When people were given the
same pill and told it was to help them get to sleep, they experienced the
opposite effects.
Experts also say that there is a relationship between how strongly a person
expects to have results and whether or not results occur. The stronger the
feeling, the more likely it is that a person will experience positive effects. There
may be a profound effect due to the interaction between a patient and health
care provider.
http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/what-is-the-placebo-effect
Give an example of a reported placebo effect associated with a specific
ergogenic aid in the sport of your choice.
Answer
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Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
International Olympic Committee and World Anti Doping Agency
(WADA)
In 1993 the International Olympic Committee created the following doping
classes and the following drugs were banned,
 Has anything changes since 1993?
 Does the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) ban any other drugs?
1.
Doping Classes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Stimulants
Narcotic analgesics
Anabolic agents
Diuretics
Peptide and glycoprotein hormones and analogues
In addition to the drugs listed above, it also identified classes which were
subject to certain restrictions:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Alcohol
Marijuana
Local anaesthetics
Corticosteroids
Beta blockers
2. Doping Methods
Some athletes resort to illegal methods in order to maximize their performance;
to the extent, that not only are they disqualified from competing if found guilty,
but they put their lives at risk.
Two illegal methods of stimulating the effects of altitude training and
improving enduring performance are:
o Blood doping
o EPO
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Option A.3: Non-nutritional ergogenic aids
Drug use in sport
(a) Examples of drug use in sport
(b) Recent drug controversies reported in newspapers