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Week #6 (11/18-11/22)
Warm Up – Mon, 11/18:
- Finish Onion Mitosis lab & turn-in
Biology Fun Fact:
Have out:
Onion Mitosis Lab
1 piece of paper
labeled “Understanding
Cancer” (N?)
According to the American Cancer Society, about 1,660,290
new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed in 2013 (does
not include carcinoma in situ of any site & basal cell &
squamous cell skin cancers). In 2013, about 580,350
Americans are expected to die of cancer, almost 1,600
people per day. Cancer is the 2nd most common cause of
death in the US, exceeded only by heart disease, accounting
for nearly 1 of every 4 deaths.
Pick up:
Agenda:
Homework:
1.
2.
3.
Finish Onion Mitosis lab & turn-in
Understanding Cancer reading & activity
Cancer notes
Yellow, pink, green &
blue sticky note
1. The Cell Cycle:
Mitosis & Meiosis
Test: Fri, 11/22
Unit Learning Goal: Students will understand the phases of the cell cycle.
L14 – “Onion Mitosis Lab”
ONION MITOSIS LAB

When finished with your lab (observations
& questions), turn your lab handout in to
the Hmwk Bin!!!
Onion Mitosis Lab
Telophase
What is the
magnification of the
eyepiece lens?
Anaphase


How do you find Total
Magnification?

When do you use the
course adjustment?

What do you use fine
adjustment for?

How do you carry a
microscope?
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Real Timelapse
photography
of Mitosis
Occurring
N? – “Understanding Cancer”
UNDERSTANDING CANCER


QUIETLY read the
“Understanding Cancer”
article on Pgs. 138-9.
When finished…

Divide your paper labeled N?
like the picture below & add
the labels to each grid.
Understanding Cancer
Characteristic/
Definition
New Facts

On each sticky note,
WRITE LARGELY &
NEATLY…




Examples
Non-example/
opposite
Yellow: an essential
characteristic or
definition of cancer
Pink: a fact you did not
know about cancer
Green: an example of
cancer
Blue: an non-example or
opposite of cancer
N? – “Understanding Cancer”
UNDERSTANDING CANCER



Now get into your lab
groups.
Send 2 people to the back
to pick up a whiteboard &
a cubbie.
Set up your whiteboard
like page N? with 2 lines
& labels
for each
section.





Add your OWN IDEAS to N?.
Add your sticky notes to your
whiteboard in the
appropriate areas.
As a group, share out your
ideas ALOUD.
Add any NEW IDEAS of your
group members to N?.
Cancer Walk-about:

As you walk, take your Sci.
Ntbk with you & add any NEW
IDEAS from other groups.
N? – “Understanding Cancer”
CAN CELLS MAKE MISTAKES WHEN THEY REPRODUCE?
Errors in mitosis are rare, but…
 When mitosis does go wrong, it’s…

Usually during early cellular divisions &
 Dangerous to future offspring because they will carry
same disorder

N? – “Understanding Cancer”
CAN CELLS MAKE MISTAKES WHEN THEY REPRODUCE?

Mutations in genes that control the
timing & number of mitotic cell cycles:

Tumor: cancerous cell mass resulting from
abnormal cell growth & production of excess
tissue in single organ
 Benign:

Tumors that remain in original location
Not harmful if they do not grow to excessive sizes
 Malignant:
Tumors that leave original
location & invade other cells

Metastasis: migration of tumor cells that lodge
in other parts of the body & form new tumors
N? – “Understanding Cancer”
CAN CELLS MAKE MISTAKES WHEN THEY REPRODUCE?

Chromosomes may become
damaged

Arm of chromosome broken
& fragment lost = deletion
 Fragment (gene) may…



incorrectly reattach to
another chromosome =
translocation
Reattach to original
chromosome but in
reverse orientation =
inversion
May be treated as a
separate chromosome
= chromosomal
duplication
N? – “Understanding Cancer”
CAN CELLS MAKE MISTAKES WHEN THEY REPRODUCE?

Non-disjunction: a chromosome fails to separate during
anaphase



One daughter cell receives both sister
chromosomes & the other receives none
Trisomy: condition in which a cell contains
3 (tri = 3) chromosomes with same genes
(2 sisters & a homologue)
Monosomy: condition in which a cell has only 1 (mono = 1)
chromosome (a homologous chromosome)

Condition associated with cancer & mental
retardation
Week #6 (11/18-11/22)
Warm Up – Tues, 11/19:
Pick up:
- Mitosis Review & Meiosis Intro simulation
Biology Fun Fact:
Estimated Number* of Deaths for Selected Cancers
by State, US, 2013 (American Cancer Society)
ARIZONA
Liver
460
All Sites
11,210
Brain/
Nervous
System
310
Lung/
Bronchus
2,850
Non-Hodgkin
Lymphoma
400
Agenda:
1. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
2. Meiosis notes
Female
Breast
Colon &
Rectum
Leukemia
790
990
480
Ovary
Pancreas
Prostate
310
740
630
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Review (N?)
Meiosis note page
(N?)
Homework:
1. The Cell Cycle:
Mitosis & Meiosis
Test: Fri, 11/22
Unit Learning Goal: Students will understand the phases of the cell cycle.
N? – Mitosis vs. Meiosis Summary Review Guide
MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS
Eukaryotic
Gametes
(sex/reproductive)
cells do this to
reproduce
Eukaryotic
Somatic (body)
cells do this to
reproduce
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS NOTES



Meiosis involves 2 divisions of the nucleus, to produce 4 haploid (hap =
“half”) cells.
Before meiosis begins, DNA is replicated (copied); allowing the cell to make
a complete copy of its genetic information during interphase. Each
chromatid has an identical copy of DNA attached at a centromere.
Homologous chromosomes are similar in size, shape & genetic content.
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS NOTES
Prophase I





Chromosomes are visible as the DNA condenses (becomes more compact).
Homologous chromosomes pair up – 1 from father, 1 from mother
Crossing over occurs – sections of 2 homologous chromosomes switch places
Spindle fibers form & attach to chromosomes.
Nuclear membrane disappears.
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS NOTES
Metaphase I
 Homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell.
 Homologous chromosomes remain together.
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS NOTES
Anaphase I
 Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite poles of cell (do not pull
chromatids apart at centromere)
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS NOTES
Telophase I/Cytokinesis I
 Individual chromosomes gather at each of the poles.
 Spindle fibers disappear.
 2 daughter diploid (di – “2”) cells are created when the cell
membrane divides.
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS NOTES
Prophase II
 Spindle fibers appear & attach to chromosomes.
 Nucleus disappears
Metaphase II
 Chromosomes line up “single file” along the equator.
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS NOTES
Anaphase II
 Spindle fibers pull the chromatids apart at the centromere.
 Fibers pull the chromatids to opposite poles
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS NOTES
Telophase II/Cytokinesis II
 A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.
 The spindle fibers disappear.
 The cell undergoes cytokinesis.
 4 haploid cells are created.
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS I
Mitosis & Meiosis comparison:
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120074/bio17.swf::Com
parison of Meiosis and Mitosis
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS II
N? – “Meiosis & Genetic Variation notes”
MEIOSIS & GENETIC VARIATION
3 key contributions to genetic variation:
1. Crossing-over chromosomes exchange sections
(increases
variability)
Meiosis & Crossing over video
N? – “Meiosis & Genetic Variation notes”
MEIOSIS & GENETIC VARIATION

Can cells make mistakes
when they reproduce?

Deletion: arm of a chromosome
becomes broken & fragment is
lost

Translocation: fragment
incorrectly reattaches to another,
non-homologous chromosome

Inversion: fragment reattaches
to original chromosome, but in
reverse orientation

Chromosomal duplication:
fragment treated erroneously as
a separate chromosome
N? – “Meiosis & Genetic Variation notes”
MEIOSIS & GENETIC VARIATION
3 key contributions to genetic variation:
2. Independent assortment occurs because there are
various ways that chromosomes may be aligned in
metaphase I of meiosis
Independent Assortment
video
N? – “Meiosis & Genetic Variation notes”
MEIOSIS & GENETIC VARIATION
3 key contributions to genetic variation:
3. Random fertilization:
•Any sperm can fuse with any egg!
•A zygote (fused sperm & egg) produced by mating
of a woman & man has a unique genetic identity.
•An ovum (egg) is 1 of ~8 million possible
chromosome combinations (actually 223).
•A successful sperm represents 1 of ~8 million
different possibilities (actually 223).
•The resulting zygote is composed of 1 in 70 trillion
(223 x 223) possible combinations of chromosomes.
And….
Crossing-over adds even more variation to this!
N? – “Meiosis & Gamete Formation notes”
MEIOSIS & GAMETE FORMATION
The main purpose of meiosis is the formation of
gametes = gametogenesis
Meiosis in males:
Spermatogenesis – process of
producing sperm with half the
number of chromosomes
(haploid) as somatic cells
Spermatogenesis video
N? – “Meiosis & Gamete Formation notes”
HOW SPERM IS MADE!!
IN MALES,
- 1 somatic cell (stem
cells) goes through 2
divisions of Meiosis I &
Meiosis II &
- you will have 4
viable sperm cells
N? – “Meiosis & Gamete Formation notes”
MEIOSIS IN FEMALES
Oogenesis - production
of an egg or ovum in the
female
Oogenesis video
13
N? – “Meiosis & Gamete Formation notes”
HOW AN EGG IS MADE!!
IN FEMALES,
- 1 somatic cell
(stem cell) goes
through 2 divisions
of Meiosis I &
Meiosis II
- you will have 1
very large egg cell
= absorbed back into body as protein
N? – “Meiosis notes”
MEIOSIS RECAP

Chromosomes: bundles of long strands of DNA (like
unraveling a ball of string)



Eukaryotes (reproduce sexually): chromosomes come in pairs (except in
sex cells or gametes)
Humans have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
Meiosis

Each new cell has only half the number of chromosomes that a typical
cell in that organism has
 Example: Human somatic cells (46 chromosomes); sperm & egg
cells (23 chromosomes)



Cells containing half the chromosome number: haploid cells
Cells with the full chromosome number: diploid cells
Gametes (sex cells) only have half the number of chromosomes because
during sexual reproduction, each parent contributes 50% of the genetic
information
Week #6 (11/18-11/22)
Warm Up – Thurs, 11/21:
- Cell Cycle Pre-Test Review
Biology Fun Fact:
Agenda:
1.
2.
Finish Meiosis notes (if needed)
Mitosis vs. Meiosis Memoirs Review activity
Have out:
Cell Cycle Pre-Test
Pick up:
A box of crayons
Homework:
1. The Cell Cycle:
Mitosis & Meiosis
Test: Fri, 11/22
Unit Learning Goal: Students will understand the phases of the cell cycle.
S7 – “Cell Cycle Pre-Test”
THE CELL CYCLE PRE-TEST (& STUDY GUIDE) REVISIT


Each pair needs to pick up a red, blue, yellow & green colored pencil.
Re-read through each Unit Objectives

If you are SUPER DUPER CONFIDENT & CAN APPLY/
EXPLAIN AN EXAMPLE for that objective, put a blue
SMILEY FACE in that square.

If you are CONFIDENT that you know/can do that objective, put
a green CHECK MARK in that square.
 GO! ‘cause you KNOW!

If you HAVE HEARD OF/KIND OF KNOW that objective, put a
yellow STAR in that square.
 HAULT or WAIT…not sure!

If you HAVE NEVER HEARD OF/DO NOT KNOW that objective,
put a red QUESTION MARK in that square.
 STOP! I have no idea!
MEIOSIS MEMOIRS WITH COMPARISON TO
MITOSIS
In a group of 2 to 3 (yes, you MAY choose), create a poster (with
captions) about meiosis from a CREATIVE point of view.
Include the following:
 NAMES of ALL group members on BACK
 Cell (after interphase) must have 4 pieces of DNA
(DNA needs to be represented in a CREATIVE WAY)
 All the STEPS of MEIOSIS + Interphase & Cytokinesis
 EXPLAIN, in detail, what happens to you in each phase
 Chromosomes must include COLOR to show pairs & sets
 FIRST & LAST CELLS need to be LABELED with all IMPORTANT terms
(chromatids, chromatin, chromosome, spindle fibers, centrioles, etc)
 If there is a difference in the phase (compared to mitosis), you MUST include a
FOOTNOTE under the image stating & explaining what the difference is
Week #6 (11/18-11/22)
Warm Up – Fri, 11/22:
- Last minute questions?
Biology Fun Fact:
Agenda:
1.
2.
Have out:
???
Pick up:
Answer Sheet
Homework:
None! Have a
great weekend!
The Cell Cycle: Mitosis & Meiosis Test
DNA Replication Pre-Test & Learning Goal
Unit Learning Goal: Students will understand the phases of the cell cycle.
S8 – “DNA Replication Pre-Test”
DNA REPLICATION PRE-TEST (& STUDY GUIDE)


Each pair needs to pick up a red, blue, yellow & green colored pencil.
Read through each Unit Objective

If you are SUPER DUPER CONFIDENT & CAN APPLY/
EXPLAIN AN EXAMPLE for that objective, put a blue
SMILEY FACE in that square.

If you are CONFIDENT that you know/can do that objective, put
a green CHECK MARK in that square.
 GO! ‘cause you KNOW!

If you HAVE HEARD OF/KIND OF KNOW that objective, put a
yellow STAR in that square.
 HAULT or WAIT…not sure!

If you HAVE NEVER HEARD OF/DO NOT KNOW that objective,
put a red QUESTION MARK in that square.
 STOP! I have no idea!
UNIT 5: DNA REPLICATION & PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
4.0
In addition to Level 3, the student can make inferences &
applications beyond the examples discussed in class.
In addition to Level 2, the student can:
3.0
Mastery




Distinguish between DNA, RNA & proteins.
Identify the steps of DNA Replication.
Identify the steps of Protein Synthesis.
Discuss how DNA determines the characteristics of an
organism.
with no major errors or omissions.
2.0
1.0
0
With no major errors or omissions, the student can
complete some of Level 3 but not all objectives.
With guidance, the student can complete at least one
objective.
Even with guidance, the student is unable to complete any
of the objectives.