Download A Nation Divided

The Civil War
1861-1865
The BIG Problems
• Slavery
North: against slavery, except for the border states!
South: for slavery, needed it for their economy!
• Secession
North: against
South: for—did this because of the election of Lincoln
• States’ rights
North: thought states should follow all federal laws
South: thought states could choose which federal laws to follow
• Tariffs
North: for, it protected factories
South: against, limited foreign trade
Taking Sides
• Union: North
• Confederacy: South
• President: Lincoln
• President: Davis
• Head General:
• Head General:
McClellan, Burnside,
Robert E. Lee
Hooker, Meade, and
finally… Grant
• Capital: Richmond,
Virginia
• Capital:
Washington, D.C.
Robert E. Lee
• Lee does not agree
with slavery or
secession, but says,
“I cannot raise my
hand against my
birthplace, my home,
my children.”
Ulysses S. Grant
• “Find out where your
enemy is, get him as
soon as you can,
strike at him as hard
as you can, and keep
moving on.”
The Strengths
• North
– Larger population
– 90% of railroads
– Industrialization,
85% of the factories
– Lincoln’s leadership
• South
– Self sufficient in food
– Best military minds
of 19th Century
– Fighting on “home
turf”
• Don’t have to worry
about supply lines
• Fighter harder when
protecting your home
The Strategy
Union
• “The Anaconda
Plan”
– Wanted to smother
the South’s economy
– Set up a blockade
– Try to gain control of
the Mississippi, to
divide the South in
half
Confederacy
– Wait the North out—
they will get tired
– Get foreign support
with strong supply of
cotton
– Try to get BIG
victories
New Technology
• Rifle—grooved barrel
helps bullet to spin
more
• Minie Ball—hollow
base bullet, helps with
accuracy
• Ironclads—ships
covered with iron
The Call for Help
• Largest group of soldiers were farmers
• Lincoln called for the militia
• African Americans fought (54th Massachusetts) http://www.history.com/videos/civil-war-weaponswhose-were-better#gilder-lehrman-massachussetts-54th
• Draft (conscription) was passed: Needed more soldiers on both
sides
• More men were drafted in the South than in the North, because the
Northerners received $300 if they volunteered to fight
• “A rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”—wealthy men could hire
substitutes to fight in their place
• Women took over jobs of men at war, some went to war as nurses
– Clara Barton: American Red Cross
The Undecided
• Border states
– Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri,
West Virginia (western counties of Virginia that broke away and rejoined
the Union)
– Pro-slavery, but anti-secession!!!
• Copperheads—Northern Democrats
who favored peace with the South
24 Union states, 11 Confederate states
STAAR 1
These people served as public officials during the Civil
War. Which of the following matches is incorrect?
• Jefferson Davis — secretary of state for the
Confederacy
• Ulysses S. Grant — commander of the Union army
• Robert E. Lee — commander of the Confederate
army
• Abraham Lincoln — president of the United States
STAAR 2
What is something that President Andrew
Jackson and President Abraham
Lincoln have in common?
• Upheld the power of the federal
government
• Served in the War of 1812
• Supporter of a national bank
• Opponent of westward expansion
STAAR 3
Southern dependence on slavery and an
agricultural economy resulted in —
• an excellent railroad system
• a lack of factories
• a dependence on government tax
breaks
• several new political parties
STAAR 4
Disadvantages of the South:
• Smaller navy
• Fewer railroads
•?
Which item would best complete the list?
• Inexperienced military leaders
• Lack of industries
• Larger population
• Lack of agricultural land
Major Events of the
Civil War
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address
• “…Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern
States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their
property and their peace and personal security are to be
endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such
apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has
all the while existed and been open to their inspection.”
• “…In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in
mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not
assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the
aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the
Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ‘preserve,
protect, and defend it’.”
• “…We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.
Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of
affection.”
Fort Sumter
– South Carolina
– Most Southern forts had been taken by
Confederate troops, but the Union held on to Fort
Sumter
– Send supplies or abandon the fort?
– Confederate troops begin to fire and continue to
fire for 34 hours
– First Battle of the Civil War—Southern attack and
Southern victory
Battle of Bull Run
• Manassas, Virginia (Battle of Manassas)
• Union army is trying to get to the Confederate
capital
• Thomas J. Jackson and “rebel yell” rally
Confederate troops and shock Union troops
• “Stonewall” Jackson led troops to victory—
the North had underestimated the South
• Southerners thought the war was won!!!
Fall of New Orleans
– Taken by Union general Farragut
– “New Orleans gone—and with it the
Confederacy. Are we not cut in two?”—
Mary Chesnut
– Vicksburg remained the last Confederate
stronghold on the Mississippi River
Antietam
http://www.history.com/videos/civil-war-weapons-whose-were-better#the-battle-of-antietam
– Lee plans to attack General McClellan in
Maryland
– Confederate troop leaves battle plans by a
campfire and they are discovered by Union
troops—takes away the element of
surprise
– Bloodiest day in American history (25,000
dead or wounded)
– Lee retreats, McClellan does not follow—
could have ended the war!!!
The Emancipation Proclamation
• January 1, 1863
• Freed all slaves in the Confederacy
• Why does he only free slaves in the
Confederacy?
– Feared the border states would secede!
• Does the Confederacy listen to this?
– NO!
• Why not?
– Jefferson Davis is their President, not
Lincoln
• Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
– Union: General George Meade
– Fought in Pennsylvania
– “Pickett’s Charge”—Lee ordered troops to
attack the center of the Union line—deadly
mistake
– Confederate army was forced to retreat
again
– Union general again, did not go after them
– This is considered to be the turning point
of the Civil War—the South could not win a
Northern victory
– Gettysburg Address—given by Lincoln—
continue to fight for democracy
Gettysburg Address
•
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
•
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here
gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should
do this.
•
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what
we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave
the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not
have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and
that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the
earth.
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
• “At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential office
there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the
first.”
• “… all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war.
All dreaded it, all sought to avert it… Both parties deprecated war,
but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive,
and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war
came.”
• “…These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All
knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To
strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for
which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the
Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial
enlargement of it.”
• “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the
work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who
shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do
all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among
ourselves and with all nations.”
Vicksburg
– General Ulysses S. Grant is finally in
charge of Union troops
– Laid siege around Vicksburg (1.5 months),
eventually forcing the Confederate troops
to surrender as they ran out of food and
supplies
– The Confederacy was officially split in two,
which makes this another turning point of
the Civil War
Sherman’s March to the Sea
– Sherman goes through the Deep South,
while Grant heads to Virginia
– From Atlanta to the sea—waged total war
– This helped Lincoln to win re-election
• “I beg to present you, as a Christmas
gift, the city of Savannah, with 150
heavy guns and… about 25,000 bales of
cotton.”—Sherman, to Lincoln
The Surrender
•
•
•
•
•
Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia
April 9, 1865
Lee surrenders to Grant
The Civil War is finally over!!!
“Exactly at eight o’clock the
Confederate flag that fluttered above
the Capitol came down and the Stars
and Stripes were run up…”
Consequences of the War
• About 620,000 soldiers died (almost equal to all
other American wars combined)
• Lincoln’s Assassination: John Wilkes
Booth murdered the President
• Economic disaster in the South
• 13th Amendment: abolishes slavery
• 14th Amendment: grants citizenship to
former slaves
• 15th Amendment: African American
males are given the right to vote
STAAR 1
The primary purpose of the 14th
Amendment (1868) was to —
• guarantee a minimum income for African
Americans
• grant citizenship to African Americans
• ensure equal congressional representation
for African Americans
• justify the denial of liberties to African
Americans
STAAR 2
In the Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln
said that Union soldiers had sacrificed their
lives to ensure that “government of the
people, by the people, for the people shall
not perish from the earth.” What type of
government was Lincoln referring to?
• Monarchy
• Oligarchy
• Aristocracy
• Democracy
STAAR 3
The Union general who accepted the
surrender of Robert E. Lee’s Confederate
army at Appomattox Court House was —
• Ambrose Burnside
• George McClellan
• Ulysses S. Grant
• William T. Sherman
STAAR 4
The Battle of Vicksburg was important in the
Civil War because it —
• allowed the Confederate army to seize
Washington, D.C.
• broke the Union blockade along the Gulf of
Mexico
• enabled the Confederate army to seek
French assistance
• gave the Union army control of the
Mississippi River
Reconstruction
Rebuilding the South
Effects on Southern Economy
• Before the war
(antebellum period)
– Economy based on
agriculture
– Leading cotton
producer
– Reliant on slave labor
• After the war:
– Land destroyed:
difficult to farm on
– No slave labor: difficult
to produce enough
cotton to trade
– Economic disaster
Reconstruction
• Radical Republicans, group in Congress, in
charge of making a plan to rebuild the South
because President Johnson was too lenient
– Very harsh against the South (punishment for the
war)
– Divided into military districts
– Many Republicans put into governor positions is
the South (primarily Democratic area)
– Had to approve 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
– State that secession was illegal
– Pledge loyalty to the USA
Black Codes
• Laws in the South passed to limit African
American rights in post-Civil War times
• Examples: Not allowed to vote, not
allowed to serve on a jury, yearly work
contracts
• The South being able to do this with no
repercussions showed how lenient
President Johnson’s plan was, and
pushed Congress to take control
Freedman’s Bureau
• Organization designed to help former
slaves adjust to daily life
• Worked to provide food, jobs, medical
assistance, education, etc.
• Johnson did not like the Bureau and
vetoed its charter, citing it as
unconstitutional
Homestead Act
• 1862: Any U.S. citizen, who had never borne
arms against the U.S. Government could file
an application and lay claim to 160 acres of
surveyed Government land.
• For the next 5 years, the homesteader had to:
– live on the land, build a home, make
improvements, farm
– Soldiers who had served in the Union army could
take their time served off of the residency
requirements
– After 5 years, the homesteader could apply for the
title to the land
Morrill Act
• Land set aside for each state to be
used for colleges focused on
agriculture and mechanical arts
• Can you think of a college in Texas that
would have been created because of
this act?
Dawes Act
• Took Natives land and divided it to give
individual Natives a piece of the land
• Idea was to make the Natives more
civilized Americans
• Destroyed the community established
by the Natives living in tribes