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World War I Section 2 Ch. 12.2- A New Kind of War Main Idea With the introduction of new types of warfare and new technologies, World War I resulted in destruction on a scale never before imagined. World War I Section 2 Section 2 World War I The World War I Battlefield New weapons • Poison gas (mustard, chlorine) other new weapons response to massive deadlock • Two systems of trenches stretched hundreds of miles, western Europe • Millions of Allied and Central Powers soldiers in trenches of Western Front Life in trenches • Rainstorms produced deep puddles, mud • Lice, rats, bad sanitation constant problems • Removing dead bodies often impossible World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 Section 2 World War I The World War I Battlefield Over the top • Soldiers ordered out of trenches to attack enemy • Sprinting across area known as “no-man’s-land” a deadly game • Thousands on both sides died, cut down by enemy guns New weapons • • • • • Neither side able to make significant advances on enemy’s trenches Poison gasses forces development of develops gas masks Grenades, either hand or rifle, could explode into fragments Rapid-fire machine guns in wide use Artillery, mortars and high-explosive shells, enormous destructive power were used to • Flamethrowers to use against tanks World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 Section 2 World War I The World War I Battlefield Tanks and Aircraft • Tanks pioneered by British – Could cross rough battlefield terrain – Reliability was a problem • Aircraft most useful – At beginning of war, mostly for observation – Soon had machine guns, bombs attached – Faster airplanes useful in attacking cities, battlefields World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 Section 2 World War I War on the Home Front Government Actions • Total war-- governments took stronger control of citizens’ lives • Factories changed to produced military equipment • US made over $3 billion from loans and trade from Allies • US made over $50 million in loans and trade to Central Powers Section 2 World War I War on the Home Front Government Actions • Citizens conserved food and other goods for military use • 20 Million women made pledge to govt • No meat on Monday • Victory Gardens World War I Section 2 Section 2 World War I War on the Home Front Women in War • Millions of men at battle • Work on home front done by women – Some worked in factories, producing war supplies – Others served as nurses to wounded • Contributions of women – Transformed public views of women – Helped women win right to vote World War I Section 2 Section 2 World War I Government Control • Sought to control public opinion • Censored newspaper reports • Created propaganda, information to influence opinions, encourage volunteers • Posters, pamphlets, speeches, articles about enemy’s brutal actions • During U.S. involvement in WWI, more than 75,000 people gave about 7.5 million four-minute pro-war speeches in movie theaters and elsewhere to about 314.5 million people • Order of the White Feather (England) World War I Section 2 WWI Propaganda Posters World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 World War I Section 2 Section 2 World War I Battles on the Western Front While people on the home front supported their troops, the war in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers. The Italian Front The Battle of Verdun • Italy joined Allied Powers, May 1915 • Germans planned assault on French fortress, Verdun • Sent forces against AustriaHungary at border with Italy • Believed French would defend fortress at all costs • Series of back-and-forth battles • Battle of Verdun meant to kill, injure as many French soldiers as possible • Little progress made • 400,000 French casualties in 10 months of fighting, almost as many for Germany World War I Section 2 The Battle of the Somme • British launched attack in Somme River area to pull German troops away from Verdun • Main assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough • Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly 60,000 casualties on the first day of fighting The Third Battle of Ypres • Failed French offensive caused rebellion among French soldiers, spring 1917 • British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German attacks • Third Battle of Ypres a disaster for British • After 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchanged Section 2 World War I War around the World Much of the early fighting took place in Europe, but the conflict quickly became a true world war as fighting spread around the globe. Over 30 nations officially took sides in the war. Gallipoli Campaign Spring 1915 Major Loss • Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers, late 1914 • Allies landed force on Gallipoli Peninsula • Controlled sea passage, Dardanelles • Attempted to destroy guns, forts on Dardanelles • Ottoman subjects in Arabian Peninsula rebelled later in war • Used by Allies to ship supplies to Russia • Gave up after months of fighting, 200,000 deaths • British sent T.E. Lawrence to support Arabs • Arabs overthrew Ottoman rule Section 2 World War I War around the World Armenian Massacre Caucasus • Different conflict elsewhere in Ottoman Empire during Gallipoli Campaign • Mountain region between Black and Caspian seas • Russia launched attack in Caucasus Use of Force • Home to ethnic Christian Armenians, minority in Muslim Ottoman Empire Violence, starvation • Ottoman leaders claimed Armenians aided Russians • 600,000 Armenians died in massacre • Began forcibly removing Armenians from Caucasus, spring 1915 • Ottoman leaders accused of genocide, destruction of racial, political or cultural group Section 2 World War I War around the World Other Fighting • War also fought in Asia and Africa • Japan declared war on Germany – Part of military agreement with Great Britain – Japanese captured German colonies in China – British, French attacked German colonies in Africa • Allied colonies scattered around world made contributions to war – Some colonists worked as laborers to keep armies supplied – Others fought, died in battles in hope of winning independence – Hopes were in vain