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Unit 4
Cold War
Day 1 – 9th June 2008
• Let’s see how much you
remember?
• What is Cold War?
• Causes of conflict?
• Post-war breakdown of alliance
between USA & USSR
• Division of Europe
Day 2 – 10th June 2008
• China
• Korean War
Day 3 – 11th June
• Cuban Missile Crisis
What was the Cold War?
• A tense situation
• caused by mutual suspicion and lack of
trust
• and different ideologies
• that did not erupt in a full-scale war
• but fought non-militarily
• with propaganda and economic sanctions.
U mean there were no hot wars?
•
•
•
•
•
Not world wars but localised
Eg?
Korean War
Berlin crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
4.1.1. IMPACT OF THE BREAKDOWN OF WARTIME
ALLIANCE BETWEEN USA & USSR AND THE DIVISION
OF EUROPE
• Confrontation between USA and USSR =
clash of opposing ideologies
• Democracy in USA vs Communism in
USSR
Areas
compared
What were the
What were the
main features of
main features of
a democratic
a Communist
society?
society?
 People have
Who controls
power to
the society?
choose
government
 Vote thru’
elections
 Leaders from
any party
 The Communist
Party
 Only
Communist
Party members
can be in
government
 Dictatorship – 1
party or leader
controls country
Areas
compared
What were the
main features
of a
democratic
society?
What were the
main features
of a Communist
society?
Community
How should Individual
more important
people live? rights more
important than than individual
community
needs
Freedom of
individual rights
Areas
compared
What were the
main features of a
democratic
society?
What were the
main features of a
Communist
society?
How should
the wealth of
the society be
created and
shared?
Country’s wealth
from private
enterprise and
trade
Market Economy
– wealth created
by businessmen
and
entrepreneurs
Wealth decided
by individual’s
skills or
investments
Country’s wealth
from everyone –
collectivisation
Centrally
planned
economy –
wealth created
by Communist
Party
Wealth shared
by everyone
equally
Why did the competing ideas of
the superpowers lead to the Cold
War?
• Ideology – different  countries in postWorld War forced to choose
• = Symbol of power for USA & USSR
• Couldn’t settle their differences by war
because both had the…
•  atomic
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
[BARE]
•
•
•
Beliefs:
Russia was a Communist country, ruled
by a dictator who cared little about
human rights.
America was a capitalist democracy,
which valued freedom.
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
[BARE]
•
•
Aims:
Stalin wanted
– reparations from Germany
– a buffer of friendly states.
•
Britain and the USA [led by President
Truman] wanted
– to help Germany recover
– to prevent large areas of Europe from
coming under Communist control.
•
•
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
[BARE]
Resentment about history:
West did not trust the Communists
– Oct1917 Bolshevik Revolution – called for
world revolution.
– USA afraid worldwide Communist revolution
would mean the end of Capitalism and
Democracy.
•
The USSR did not trust Britain and the USA
– tried to destroy the Russian Revolution in 1918
by sending funds and troops to prevent spread
of Communism
– Aid to anti-Bolshevik White Armies/ Stalin
thought they had not helped the USSR enough
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
[BARE]
• 1938 – Munich agreement
– USSR was not invited, despite the fact
that Hitler had frequently threatened the
USSR, and Germany’s takeover would
give Germany and the USSR a shared
border.
• Britain & USA did not trust USSR
– Stalin had signed the Nazi-Soviet pact in
1939.
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
[BARE]
• Events turned the mistrust
into war: Yalta/ Potsdam/
Salami tactics/ Fulton/
Greece/ Truman Doctrine/
Marshall Plan/ Cominform/
Czechoslovakia
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
[BARE]
• YALTA CONFERENCE (February 1945)
• Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt agreed to Divide
Germany into 4 zones (France, Britain, USA,
USSR)/ to hold free elections in Eastern
European countries./ to set up the United
Nations./ to set up a government of
Communists and non Communists in Poland.
• On the surface, everything seemed friendly, but
there was tension behind the scenes
• POTSDAM CONFERENCE (July 1945)
• At Potsdam the tensions surfaced.
• Stalin, Truman and Atlee agreed to bring
Nazi war criminals to trial/ divide Germany
into 4 occupied zones.
There were
disagreements
over Soviet
policy in
Poland./ The
size of German
reparations.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FfeF_KZENI
SALAMI TACTICS (1945–48)
• ‘Slice-by-slice’, Stalin ensured all Eastern
European countries had Communist govts
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Albania (1945) – the Communists took power after the
war without opposition
Bulgaria (1945) – the Communists executed the
leaders of all the other parties.
Poland (1947) – the Communists forced the nonCommunist leaders into exile.
Hungary (1947) – Russian troops stayed / Stalin
allowed elections (non-communists won a big
majority)/ Communists led by the pro-Russian Rakosi./
Rakosi demanded that groups which opposed him
should be banned./ He got control of the police, and
arrested his opponents./ He set up a secret police unit,
the AVH.
Romania (1945–1947) – the Communists gradually
took over control.
Czechoslovakia (1948) – the Communists banned all
other parties/ killed their leaders.
East Germany (1949) – Russians turned their zone
into German Democratic Republic.
EVENTS 1946–1948
•
•
FULTON SPEECH (March 1946)
Churchill described the Soviet bloc as an
‘iron curtain’ – Stalin believed this was
necessary to maintain the safety of the
USSR.
It is my duty, however, to place
before you certain facts about the
present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in
the Adriatic an iron curtain has
descended across the Continent.
Behind that line lie all the capitals of
the ancient states of Central and
Eastern Europe.
This cartoon from
1946 by the British
cartoonist Leslie
Gilbert shows
Churchill peeping
under the Iron
Curtain. ‘Joe’ is
Joseph Stalin. In
fact, the ‘iron
curtain’ was a
2,000-km. line of
barbed wire, lookout posts and road
blocks.
Think about it
Source C
Mr Churchill has called for a war on the USSR.
Stalin, writing in the Russian newspaper Pravda in March 1946.
• 1. Did Churchill cause the Cold War?
• 2. Explain how Churchill’s speech was a turning
point in the history of the Cold War.
• 1. No, it was a public acknowledgement of its
presence. He merely made it very open.
• 2. After Fulton, the Cold War worsened. Russia
called the speech a declaration of war.
Need a break?
Lame riddle for those waiting…
• A man pushed his car. He stopped when
he reached a hotel at which point he knew
he was bankrupt. Why?
• He was playing monopoly…I did mention it
was lame…
EVENTS 1946–1948
•
TRUMAN DOCTRINE (March 1947) –
The USA implemented a policy of
‘containment’ towards the USSR – to
prevent Communism spreading any
further.
EVENTS 1946–1948
• He believed in the Domino Theory.
4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY,
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT:
• MARSHALL PLAN (ERP – EUROPEAN
RECOVERY PLAN) (June 1947)
– America introduced ‘Marshall Aid’.
– countries of Europe would be more likely to
fall to Communism if the people were poor
and fed up so they gave these countries huge
loans to help them rebuild after the war.
– Known as the Marshall Plan or European
Recovery Plan (ERP).
4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY,
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
• 16 countries in Western Europe agreed
to Marshall Plan
• US$13 billion in aid, loans and goods.
• Stalin did not allow Soviet satellites to
accept American financial aid.
4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY,
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
• Impact:
• Western Europe recovered from WW2
effects faster than Eastern Europe.
• Divided Europe’s economies into two
different spheres
• Heightened Cold War tensions.
• USA’s view - huge success – created
industrialized and prosperous Western
Europe
4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY,
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
• USSR’s view – dollar imperialism – attempt to
spread Democracy and Capitalism through
money
• Soviet Union set up the COMECON (Council
for Mutual Economic Cooperation) – to
encourage trade and coordinate the economic
policies among the Communist countries.
• Meant to counterbalance the Marshall Plan but
did not lend much money at first.
• USSR rationalized the industries in its satellites
– eg Poland did all of shipbuilding, Hungary
produced most of the trucks.
4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY,
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
•
•
•
COMINFORM (October 1947)
Stalin forbade Communist countries to
accept Marshall Aid. (October 1947)
Cominform was set up to control all
Communist countries in Europe.
EVENTS 1946–1948
• THE BERLIN BLOCKADE
• Causes [CABAN]
• Cold War was beginning to bite – created
tension.
• Aims – USA+UK wanted Germany to recover/
Stalin looting German industrial capacity.
• Bizonia – USA, UK, France merged zones –
became more prosperous than the Soviet.
• American Aid – Marshall Aid was voted 31
March 1948.
• New Currency –Britain and America introduced
new currency – destabilised the East German
economy. Stalin said that this was the cause of
the blockade.
THE BERLIN BLOCKADE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Events – (24 June 1948) – Stalin closed rail +
road links to Berlin
Lasted 11 months/ Allies airlifted supplies to
Berlin – 275,000 flights, 1.5m tons
In winter, Berliners lived on dried eggs and
potatoes
4 hours of electricity a day.
US had B29 bombers on standby./ (12 May
1949)
Stalin re-opened the borders.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/november/9/newsid_3241000/3241641.stm
Results [CENA]
•
•
•
Cold War got worse.
East/West Germany: German Democratic
Republic/ Federal Republic of Germany.
NATO and Warsaw Pact – NATO treaty signed
(North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)(1949)
defensive alliance set up against USSR/
Warsaw Pact 1955 set up by Russia
–
–
–
Formation was military/aggressive in nature
Formed to defend USA and its allies from an attack
by Communist states.
Started the formation of military alliances against
each other.
Results [CENA]
• Arms Race. The USA and USSR
competed for world domination. Both
producing atomic bombs by 1949. Began
race to produce nuclear weapons. Race to
build up armed forces.
• As Berliners reeled with disbelief at the Wall's
construction, US President John F Kennedy has
been quoted as saying to one of his aides:
‘It’s not a nice solution, but a wall is a lot
better than a war.’
• http://encarta.msn.com/media_461550605/Major
_Events_of_the_Cold_War.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/010815_berlinwall.shtml
Quiz
• How much did u do…?
• How much do you remember?
Quiz
•
•
Who was Prime Minister of Britain in
1945?
Winston Churchill
a.Winston Churchill
Quiz
•
•
Who was president of the USA in
February 1945?
Franklin D Roosevelt
Quiz
•
•
Who became president of the USA in
1945?
Truman
•
•
Who was leader of Russia in 1945?
Josef Stalin
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What is a ‘cold war’?
A tense situation
caused by mutual suspicion and lack of trust
and different ideologies
that did not erupt in a full-scale war
but fought non-militarily
with propaganda and economic sanctions.
•
•
•
•
•
•
List FOUR causes of the Cold War.
BARE 
Beliefs
Aims
Resentment about History
Events
•
•
What do Communists believe?
That the means of production should be
owned and controlled by the
government.
•
•
•
The USA is a ‘capitalist democracy’.
What do these words mean?
Capitalists believe that property and
industry should be privately owned.
Democracy is where the people can elect
their own government.
•
•
•
Name TWO historical complaints that
Stalin had against Britain and the USA.
In 1918 Britain and the USA had tried to
destroy the Russian Revolution.
Stalin thought that they had not given
him enough help in the Second World
War.
•
•
What could Britain and the USA not
forgive Stalin for (from 1939)?
Stalin had signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact
with Germany in 1939.
•
•
•
Give TWO things that Stalin wanted from
the peace.
huge reparations from Germany,
a ‘buffer’ of friendly states to protect the
USSR from being invaded again.
•
•
What worried Britain and the USA about
Stalin’s plans?
that large areas of eastern Europe were
falling under Soviet control.
•
When did Russia develop the atomic
bomb?
•
1949
List events leading up to the Cold
War, Feb 1945 to Mar 1948.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yalta Conference (Feb 1945)
Potsdam Conference (Jul 1945)
Salami tactics (1945-48)
Fulton Speech (Mar 1946)
Greece (Feb 1947)
Truman Doctrine (Mar 1947)
Marshall Plan (Jun 1947)
NATO & Warsaw Pact
Cominform (Oct 1947)
Czechoslovakia (Mar 1948)