Download The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant
Reformation
Causes
• Abuses by Church Officials
–sale of indulgences
–corruption
–uneducated clergy
–clergy does not follow church
rules
Causes
• Secularism and humanism
challenge church authority
• Kings challenge power of
Pope
• Printing Press spreads new
ideas rapidly
Events
• Church Reformers in the 15th
century (Jan Hus, John
Wycliffe, Savonarola)
• Martin Luther´s “95 Theses”
1517 in Wittenberg
–critizes sale of indulgences
• Jan
Hus
(1369
1415)
• Martin
Luther
(14831546)
Events
• Luther asks for full reform of
Catholic Church
• Pope Leo X bans Luther’s
works
• Luther declared outlaw by
German Emperor Charles V.
• Luther goes into hiding and
translates the Bible into German
• Charl
es V.
(1500
1558)
Luther’s Main Ideas
• Salvation achieved only through
Grace of God
• Truth only in Bible - People have
to read Bible themselves
• Church can’t forgive sins based on
money contributions
Effects
• End of religious unity
• New protestant churches
• Kings increase power over
church
• Religious wars and persecution
• Education becomes more
important
The Holy Roman Empire
• German Peasants revolt to end
serfdom
• German Princes split between
Lutheran and Catholic doctrines
• Charles V. fights war against
Protestant princes
The Holy Roman Empire
• Peace of Augsburg in 1555 gives
Germany an uneasy 60 year peace
• Subjects have to follow the religion
of their ruler
• Conflicts between Protestant and
Catholics lead to 30-Years-War
(1618-1648)
Holy Roman Empire
• Peace of Westphalia (1648):
- Protestant Princes are fully accepted, have
hegemony over their territory
- Power of Holy Roman Emperor effectively
weakened, no common foreign policy
- France, England become more influential
than Holy Roman Empire
England
• Pope refuses to annul Henry VIII.
marriage with Catherine of Aragon
• Henry VIII breaks away from
Catholicism and founds Anglican
Church
England
Henry confiscates lands of the church
King of England Head of Church
Power of Kings increases in England
Wars of Religion in England
Protestantism becomes dominant under
Elizabeth I.
France
• Protestant Minority: Hugeonots
• Civil War between Hugenots and Catholics
• Hugenot leader converts to Catholicism
(„Paris is worth a mass“.), grants protestanst
limited religious freedom (Edict of Nantes)
Massacre of St. Bartholemew´s Day
Other Reformers
• John Calvin
• John Knox: Presbyterian
Church
• Huguenots: in France
• Anabaptists: Radical
Community that believes in
equal property for everybody
Reaction of the Church
Luther excommunicated
Counterreformation
Council of Trent
Inquisition
Jesuit Order: Establishes Catholic
schools all over the World