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AP World Periodization, Themes, and Key Concepts Periodization Since the history of the world is so large, historians divide world history into specific periods that share a set of common characteristics. These periods begin and end with what historians consider turning points in the world. The dates that historians choose for these turning points are subjective, meaning that the historian has used their personal opinion to select the specific dates. This means that there is debate among historians among what dates to use for periodization. This is why you will see different dates used by different sources and textbooks to characterize a certain period. In AP World History, there are six “periods”. The designations BCE and CE are used for dates. BCE refers to Before Common Era and replaces BC while CE refers to Common Era and replaces AD. Each period is listed below along with its key dates and some big picture developments. Period Dates Big Picture Key Developments Period 1 (Foundations): Technological and Environmental Transformations To 600 BCE • Peopling of the Earth Neolithic Revolution (inventions of agriculture) Early societies/civilizations Period 2 (Classical Era): Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600 BCE to 600 CE Classical religions Development of empires Trade networks emerge Period 3 (Postclassical Period): Regional and Transregional Interactions 600 CE to 1450 Trade networks expand Empires continue to grow Economies evolve Period 4 (Early Modern Era): Global Interactions 1450 to 1750 Period 5 (Modern Era): Industrialization and Global Integration 1750 to 1900 Period 6 (Contemporary): Accelerating Global Change and Realignments 1900 to present Global trade networks New forms of social class and labor Empires consolidate and expand Industrialization Imperialism and new nations Nationalism, revolution, and reform Global migrations Science and environmental changes Global conflicts New ways of organizing the economy, society, and culture AP World Periodization, Themes, and Key Concepts AP World: Key Themes In the AP World course, it is critical to recognize patterns across time and region. This is important to be able to see how things have changed and stayed the same over time. It is also important in order to compare and contrast key events. Rather than memorize thousands of facts, the AP World course is focused on five common themes throughout each period. The course is heavily focused on the how and why of history. In short, you will be studying the process of history. As a result, these themes allow for comparisons and analysis of change and continuity over time. These themes are listed below with a series of questions to help you think about them. Theme Simplified and Overarching Questions Interaction between Humans and the Environment: Simplified: Human-Environment Interaction Demography and disease Migration Patterns of settlement Technology Development and Interaction of Cultures Religions Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies Science and technology Arts and architecture 1. How have people used diverse tools and technologies to adapt to and affect the environment over time? 2. How and to what extent has human migration and settlement been influenced by the environment during different periods in world history? 3. How has the environment changed as a consequence of population growth and urbanization? 4. How have processes of industrialization and global integration been shaped by environmental factors and in turn how has their development affected the environment over time? Simplified: Culture 1. How and why have religions, belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies developed and transformed as they spread from their places of origin to other regions? 2. How have religions, belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies affected the development of societies over time? 3. How were scientific and technological innovations adapted and transformed as they spread from one society or culture to another? 4. In what ways do the arts reflect innovation, adaptation, and creativity of specific societies? AP World Periodization, Themes, and Key Concepts State Building, Expansion, and Conflict Political structures and forms of government Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolutions Regional, Transregional, and global structures Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Industrialization Capitalism and socialism Development and Transformation of Social Structures Gender roles and relations Family and kinship Racial and ethnic constructions Social and economic classes Simplified: Political 1. How have different forms of governance been constructed and maintained over time? 2. How have economic, social, cultural, and environmental contexts influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution? 3. How have conflicts, exchanges, and alliances influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution? Simplified: Economic 1. How and to what extent have modes of production and commerce changed over time? 2. How have different labor systems developed and changed over time? 3. How have economic systems and the development of ideologies, values, and institutions influenced each other over time? 4. What is the relationship among local, regional, and global economic systems; how have those relationships changed over time? Social 1. How have distinctions based on kinship, ethnicity, class, gender, and race influenced the development and transformation of social hierarchies? 2. How, by whom, and in what ways have social categories, roles, and practices been maintained and challenged over time? 3. How have political, economic, cultural, and demographic changes affected social structures over time? AP World Periodization, Themes, and Key Concepts AP World: Key Concepts Since there is no way to learn everything, the AP World course has 19 important developments that historians consider to be the most important in world history. These are called the key concepts. In a sense, you are examining the big picture of world history. We will go over all of the content for each of these together, but if you would find it helpful to actually see the key concepts, I have listed theme below by periodization: Periodization 1 (to 600 BCE): 1.1: Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth 1.2: Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies 1.3: Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies Periodization 2 (600 BCE to 600 CE): 2.1: The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions 2.2 The Development of States and Empires 2.3 The Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange Periodization 3 (600 CE to 1450): 3.1: Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange 3.2: Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions 3.3: Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences Periodization 4 (1450-1750) 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange 4.2: New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production 4.3: State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion Periodization 5 (1750-1900) 5.1: Industrialization and Global Capitalism 5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State Formation 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform 5.4: Global Migration Periodization 6 (1900-present) 6.1: Science and the Environment 6.2: Global Conflicts and Their Consequences 6.3: New Conceptualizations of Global Economy and Culture AP World Periodization, Themes, and Key Concepts