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1.What consists of the heart, blood vessels, & blood
Circulatory system
2. What is the muscular hollow organ often called the “pump” of the
body
Heart
3.How big is the heart?
Approximately the size of a closed fist.
4. What cavity is the heart located in?
Mediastinal cavity , between the lungs, behind the sternum & above the
diaphragm
5. What are the 3 layers of tissue that form the heart?
Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium
6.The muscular layer of the heart is the ?
myocardium
7. The smooth layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart & is
continuous with the inside of blood vessels?
endocardium
8. A double-layered membrane, or sac, that covers the outside of the
heart.
pericardium
9. A muscular wall that separates the heart into a right & left side,
prevents blood from moving between the right & left sides of the
heart is the______?
septum
10. The upper part of the septum is called the_____?
Interatrial septum
11. The lower part of the septum is called the____?
Interventricular septum
12. The heart is divided into 4 parts or chambers. The upper chambers
are called the___________?
Atria
13. The lower chambers are called the____________?
ventricles
14. Which part of the heart receives blood as it returns from body
cells_______.
Right atrium
15. Which part of the heart receives blood from the right atrium &
pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood
to the lungs.
Right ventricle
16. Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
The left atrium
17. Which part of the heart receives blood from the left atrium &
pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body
cells_____?
The left ventricle
18. What keeps the blood flowing in the right direction?
One-way valves
19. This heart valve is located between the right atrium & the right
ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
20. This valve is located between the right ventricle & the pulmonary
artery & carries blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary valve
21. This valve is located between the left atrium & left ventricle.
Mitral valve
22. This valve is located between the left ventricle & the aorta____?
Aortic valve
23. The largest artery in the body is the______?
aorta
24. The only artery in the body which carries unoxygenated
blood_____?
Pulmonary artery
25. The cardiac cycle consists of a brief period of rest
called______?
diastole
26. The cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract__________?
systole
27. The blood in the ______side of the heart is low in___________ and
high in _____________?
Right, oxygen, carbon dioxide
28. What blood vessels bring the blood from the lungs to the left
side of the heart_______?
Pulmonary veins
29. These are a group of nerve cells located in the right atrium which
send out an electrical impulse that spreads out over the muscles in the
atria______?
Sinoatrial (SA) node, or the “pacemaker”
30. After the electrical impulse passes through the atria it reaches
the___________, a group of nerve cells located between the atria &
ventricles.
atrioventricular (AV) node
31. To where does the AV node send the electrical impulse________?
Bundle of His (which are nerve fibers in the septum
32. The bundle of His divides into a_________and ________which
carry the impulse down through the ventricles.
Right bundle branch and left bundle branch
33. The bundle branches further subdivide into the ___________, a
network of nerve fibers throughout the ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
34. The electrical conduction pattern occurs approximately
every______seconds.
0.8 seconds
35. The movement of the electrical impulse can be record on
an________ & used to detect abnormal activity or disease.
ECG or EKG
36. Are abnormal heart rhythms and can be mild to lifethreatening_____?
Arrhythmias
37. An early contraction of the atria is called__________?
Premature atrial contraction (PAC)
38. A condition in which the ventricles contract at random without
coordination & decreases or eliminates blood output is
called________?
Ventricle fibrillation
39. What can be used to diagnose arrhythmias_______&__________?
Cardiac monitors & electrocardiograms
40. What is the device that shocks the heart with an electrical current to
stop the uncoordinated contraction & allow the SA node to regain
control?_____________
defibrillator
41. A small battery-powered device with electrodes to regulate the
heart’s rhythm.
pacemaker
42.Which kind of pacemakers deliver electrical impulses at a
predetermined rate?
fixed
43. Which type of pacemaker is the most common & deliver electrical
impulses only when the heart’s own conduction system is not
responding correctly.
Demand pacemakers
44. Most manufactures still recommend that people with pacemakers
avoid close contact with___________ &______________?
Microwave ovens & digital cellular telephones
45. What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, capillaries, & veins
46. These blood vessels carry blood away from the heart_________.
arteries
47. The largest artery in the body is the______?
aorta
48. The smallest branches of arteries are called_______?
arterioles
49. Arterioles join with which blood vessels_____?
capillaries
50. Which blood vessels are more elastic because they receive the
blood as it is pumped from the heart.
arteries
51. Which blood vessels connect arterioles with venules____?
capillaries
52. How many layers of cells do capillaries have? Only one layer of cells
53. The smallest branches of veins, which connect with
venules
capillaries________?
54.What are the 2 largest veins?Superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
55. The blood vessels which brings the blood from the upper part of
the body to the right atrium is the_____?
Superior vena cava
56. The blood vessels which brings the blood from the lower part of
the body to the right atrium is the______?
Inferior vena cava
57. Which blood vessels are thinner & have less muscle tissue than
do arteries?
veins
58. Most veins contain_______which keep the blood from flowing in a
backward direction.
valves
59. The ________that flows through the circulatory system is often
called a tissue because it contains many kinds of cells.
blood
60. How many quarts of blood are there in an average adult?
4-6 quarts of blood
61. What are 6 functions of blood as it circulates through the body?
1.Transports oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
2. Transports carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs.
3. Transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the body cells.
4. Transports metabolic waste from the body cells to the organs of
excretion.
5. Transports heat produced by various body parts.
6. Transports hormones produced by endocrine glands to the body
organs.
62. Blood is made of the fluid called________& formed or solid
elements called________ _______? Plasma, blood cells
63.What substances make up Plasma?
90% water, blood proteins, such as fibrinogen & prothrombin, nutrients
such as carbohydrates & proteins, mineral salts or electrolytes,
potassium, calcium, & sodium, gases such as carbon dioxide & oxygen,
metabolic waste products, hormones, enzymes.
64. Why are fibrinogen & prothrombin necessary?
Necessary for clotting
65. What are the 3 main kinds of blood cells?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
66. Where are erythrocytes (RBC) produced?
Red bone marrow
67. How long do erythrocytes (RBC) live?
120 days
68. How many erythrocytes are in one cubic millimeter
(approximately 1 drop of blood?
4.5million to 5.5 million
69. What complex protein is found in the erythrocyte?
hemoglobin
70. Hemoglobin carries both_______&___________.
Oxygen & carbon dioxide
71. What gives blood its characteristic red color?
Hemoglobin carrying oxygen
72. What color is the blood which contains less oxygen?
Dark red with a bluish cast
73. Where are leukocytes (WBCs) produced?
Bone marrow & lymph tissue
74. How long do leukocytes live?
3-9 days
75. What is the normal leukocyte count per cubic millimeter of blood?
5,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter
76. What is the main function of leukocytes?
Fight infection
77. What does the term phagocytosis mean?
The process of engulfing, & ingesting & destroying of pathogens
78. What are the 5 types of leukocytes?
neutropils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
79. What is the function of the neutrophils?
Phagocytize bacteria
80. What is the function of the Eosinophils?
Remove toxins & defend the body from allergic reactions
81. What is the function of the Basophils?
Participate in the body’s inflammatory response; produce histamine, a
vasodilator, & heparin, an anticoagulant
82.What is an anticoagulant?
A blood thinner.
83. What is the function of monocytes?
Phagocytize bacteria & foreign materials
84. What is the function of lymphocytes?
Provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies; protect against
the formation of cancer cells.
85. What does the term anemia mean?
An inadequate number or red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both.
86. Give 4 signs & symptoms of Anemia
Pallor(paleness), fatigue, dyspnea (difficult breathing), & rapid heart
rate
87.What causes Iron deficiency anemia?
Caused by inadequate amount of iron to form hemoglobin in
erythrocytes.
88. What is Aplastic anemia?
disease caused by injury to or destruction of bone marrow, resulting in
poor or no formation of red blood cells.
89. What is the cause of pernicious anemia?
A lack of intrinsic factor ( a substance normally present in the
stomach), that results in inadequate absorption of B12.
90. How is Pernicious Anemia corrected?
Administering B12 injections
91. What is Sickle cell anemia?
Abnormal crescent-shaped erythrocytes that carry less oxygen, break
easily, & block blood vessels.
92. What populations of people does Sickle cell anemia exclusively
affect?
African Americans
93. An___________is a ballooning out of, or saclike formation on,
an artery wall.
aneurysm
94. ____________is a hardening or thickening of the arterial walls,
resulting in a loss of elasticity and contractility.
arteriosclerosis
95. ____________occurs when fatty plaques (frequently cholesterol) are
deposited on the walls of the arteries narrowing the arterial opening &
reducing blood flow.
atherosclerosis
96. Plaques which break loose & circulate through the bloodstream are
called_________.
emboli
97. Procedure used to remove or compress the cholesterol
deposits, or the insertion of a stent to allow blood blow through
the artery is known as___________.
Angioplasty
98. What is procedure is done when the arteries are completely
blocked?
Coronary artery bypass graft
99. A condition that occurs when the heart muscles do not
beat adequately to supply the blood needs of the
body___________.
Congestive heart failure (GHF)
100. An inherited disease that occurs almost exclusively in males but can
be carried by females_____________.
Hemophilia
101. The medical term for high blood pressure?
Hypertension
102. What blood pressure reading is regarded as hypertension?
140/90
103. What is the term used for the drugs used to treat hypertension?
Antihypertensive drugs
104. What drugs are used to remove retained fluids from the body?
diuretics
105. A malignant disease of the bone marrow or lymph tissue
resulting in a high number of immature white blood cells.
Leukemia
106. Occurs when a blockage in the coronary arteries cuts off the
supply of blood to the heart___________?
Myocardial infarction, or heart attack
107. When heart tissue dies it is known as an _________?
infarct
108.What are some signs & symptoms of a myocardial infarct?
Severe crushing pain radiates to the left arm, neck, & jaw; pressure in
the chest; perspiration & cold, clammy skin; dyspnea; & change in
blood pressure
109. If the heart stops, what should be started immediately?
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
110. What is the medical term for “clot-busting” drugs?
thromboytics
111. What is the purpose of anticoagulant drugs?
They help thin the blood.
112. What are arrhythmias?
Abnormal heart rhythms
113. What is the medical term for an inflammation of a vein?
Phlebitis
114. What is the medical term when there is a thrombus, or clot in a
vein?
thrombophlebitis
115. What is the medical term for dilated swollen veins that have
lost elasticity and cause stasis, or decreased blood flow?
varicose veins
116.What is this procedure? Opens clogged arteries by positioning a
guided catheter which is inflated & cracks the plaque.
Conventional balloon angioplasty
117.Which procedure is this? A device is a balloon on one side and an
opening on the other.The plaque is squeezed and shaved off.
coronary atherectomy
118. Which procedure is this?A special catheter is inflated and a stent is
left in place to keep the vessel open.
Coronary stent