Download Between Two Fires

Between Two Fires
Europe in 1919
The Weimar Republic: 1919-1933
Provides democratic government until Nazi rise to power.
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veterans
Worldwide Depression
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Economic nationalism
New York Stock Exchange collapse
6 million Germans unemployed
Increased inflation
Increased communism
The German Mark
The Great Depression (1929-1941)
The German Mark
Rise of
Fascism
In Italy
And Germany
What is fascism?
1. “state” focus
2. Middle class oriented
3. Private property/state
resources
4. Nationalistic
Where has fascism
been practiced?
1. Germany
Hitler
2. Italy
Mussolini
3. Spain
Franco
4. Japan
Tojo
Characteristics of Fascism
1. No strong theory--
promise every group
what they want most
Example:
Mussolini’s Promises
“a little something to everyone”
1. Hungry?
Bread
2. Worried about communism?
Protect private property
3. Unemployed after war?
Black Shirts
2. Authoritarian
cult of personality
Ex: Hitler = Der Fuehrer
Mussolini = Il Duce
3. Ritual, ceremonies, symbols
swastika
fasces
4. Class structure
maintained and
supported
i.e. the privileges
of middle and
upper class are
protected
5. Protection of private property
What classes are most likely to have
private property?
Italy
Example:
Cult of
personality:
Mussolini
Italy
• Benito Mussolini
– Fascist Party
– Black Shirts
– Anti-Communist
• New Party
– Fasci di Combattimento
– appeal to veterans
– Romans!
• Economic depression
October 1922
March on Rome
Black
Shirts
King Victor Emmanuel II
Mussolini named Prime Minister
Il Duce
1. “Made the trains run on time”
2. Censored press
3. Built up military
4. Agreement with PopeLateran Agreement
"Italy wants peace
and quiet, work and
calm. I will give these
things with love if
possible
and with force if
necessary.”
-Benito Mussolini
"I believe in Rome, the Eternal,
the mother of my country……
I believe in the genius of Mussolini
…and in the resurrection of the Empire."
Pledge required of the Balilla,
the Fascist youth
group of 14-18 year olds
( uniforms: all black)
known as legionaries
Fascism
vs. Communism
How do they compare?
No Strong
Theory
Strong
Theory/beliefs
Authoritarian
[cult of
personality]
Authoritarian
[cult of
personality]
Rituals,
Ceremonies
Rituals,
ceremonies
Class Structure
No Classes
Private Property
No Private
Property
How does Fascism work?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dictatorship
Police-state
Militaristic
Syndicated economy focused
on military production
The French in the Ruhr:
1923
Hitler’s position of power, and
how he achieved it.
Jason Weddington
Post World War I Politics
Hitler’s membership to the German Worker Party.
Failed Coup over the Weimar Republic
and the Bavarian Government
1923
Beer Hall Putsch—Prison—Mein Kampf
The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923
The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized
Hitler in Landesberg Prison
Mein Kampf [My Struggle]
The New Chairman of the Nazi
Party
Ritualistic and Ceremonial
Rise of Nazi Party
• 1919-Hitler denounces
Weimar Republic
• Economic distress
• Harmed middle class
especially
• Worldwide depression
• Fear of communism
• Nationalism
• Aryan “Master Race”
• Anti-Semitism
Nazi Party Continues to Grow
Votes Go Up in the Reichstag
Nazis Gain Seats
1930
Hitler appointed Chancellor
1933
Reichstag
Fire
1933
Hitler’s Lebensraum Program
“I have issued the command - and I'll have anybody who
utters but one word of criticism executed by a firing
squad - that our war aim does not consist in reaching
certain lines, but in the physical destruction of the
enemy. Accordingly, I have placed my death-head
formations in readiness - for the present only in the
East - with orders to them to send to death
mercilessly and without compassion, men, women,
and children of Polish derivation and language. Only
thus shall we gain the living space (Lebensraum)
which we need. Who, after all, speaks today of the
annihilation of the Armenians?“
-Hitler’s speech in preparation for
the invasion of Poland.
Night of the Long Knives
June 30, 1934
A Total State
• Hitler established youth organizations
to ensure a strong future for his
totalitarian state:
“In the presence of this blood banner,
which represents our Fuhrer, I Swear to
devote all my energies and my strength
to the savior of our country Adolf Hitler.
I am willing and ready to give up my life
for him, so help me God.”
1935 Nuremberg Laws
Nuremberg Laws
1935
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Section 1
1. Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are
forbidden. Marriages concluded in defiance of this law are void, even if,
for the purpose of evading this law, they were concluded abroad.
2. Proceedings for annulment may be initiated only by the Public
Prosecutor.
Section 2
Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of
German or kindred blood are forbidden.
Section 3
Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or
kindred blood as domestic servants.
Section 4
1. Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the
national colors.
2. On the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors.
The exercise of this right is protected by the State.
Kristallnacht
November 9-10, 1938
30,000 Jews sent to
concentration camps
Japan
• HirohitoConstitutional
Monarch
• Militarism
• 1931 invasion of
Manchuria
Create a Visual for each of the following
men—annotate the visual with their
contributions to their field of study
• Einstein
• Freud
• Picasso