Download German-Italian Alliance

What was the German-Russian Non-Aggression
Pact and what did each country gain by it?
Hitler's Violations of the Treaty of Versailles
• March 1935: Hitler announces the creation of a new
air force.
• March 1935: Hitler institutes a military draft to
expand the army from 100,000 to 550,000 troops.
• March 1936: Hitler deploys troops in the
demilitarized Rhineland.
German-Italian Alliance
• Germany supports the Italian invasion of Ethiopia.
• German and Italian troops aid General Francisco
Franco in the Spanish Civil War.
• Germany and Italy create a new alliance known as
the Rome-Berlin Axis.
German Expansion
German Expansion
• 1938 Anschluss: Austria is annexed into Germany
• Munich Conference September, 1938
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Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) occupied
March 1939- Czechoslovakia occupied
German-Russian Non-aggression Pact
German-Russian Non-aggression Pact
August, 1939- Germany and Russia sign the
Non-aggression Pact
• Agree not to fight each other for 10 years
• Agree to divided Europe into spheres of interests
• Agree to divide Poland between them
German Expansion
September 1939- Germany and Russia divide Poland
England and France Declare War on Germany
The New Order
• Japan claimed that the New Order was a system of
control dedicated to increasing prosperity for Asian
neighbors.
• Japan acquired parts of China and French Indochina,
which it ran under military rule.
• Japan exploited raw materials in Southeast Asia to
fuel its military machine.
Risks of Japanese Invasion of French Indochina
•
War with European colonial powers and the
United States
•
U.S. economic sanctions
o
Loss of badly needed oil and scrap iron
Essay: Avoiding War
You have learned that Germany and Japan made aggressive
moves toward neighboring countries in the 1930s and that
other world powers tried to ignore these actions. As a
homework assignment, write an essay in which you explore
the reasons why the world powers initially ignored the
actions of Germany and Japan. Use the following questions
to focus your thoughts as you craft your essay:
•
How was the Great Depression affecting the economies
of the other nations?
•
What was the gist of Great Britain’s policy of
appeasement?
•
What promises did Hitler make to Neville Chamberlain?
•
In addition to Japan’s aggression, what other problems
did Chiang Kai-shek face?
•
How did the United States try to control Japan in an
attempt to enforce international law?
U.S. Neutrality Acts
•
Neutrality acts were passed by the U.S. Congress
in the 1930s.
o
The acts were intended to prevent the
United States from becoming involved in
another European war.
•
President Franklin Roosevelt believed the
neutrality acts encouraged Axis aggression.
•
The acts were gradually relaxed as supplies were
shipped to Britain.
Similarities Between Napoleon’s and Hitler’s Invasions of Russia
•
Napoleon and Hitler attack in June and are able to
penetrate deep into Russia at first.
o
Russians adopt scorched-earth strategy and
retreat while destroying crops and other
resources.
•
Invading French and Nazi armies fail to overcome
Russian defenses before winter sets in.
•
Severe Russian winters catch invaders unprepared;
widespread disease and death result.
•
Reserve Russian troops from deep within the country
gather and drive out the invaders the following year.
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
•
Group of Asian nations controlled by Japan
•
Included most of East Asia and the western Pacific
•
Although promised liberation from Western
colonial rule, was dominated by Japan to exploit
natural resources for its own use
“Island Hopping”
•
Was a U.S. military strategy to capture
Japanese-held islands in the Pacific
•
Utilized combined attacks of U.S. Army,
Marines, and Navy
•
Focused on capturing some islands and
bypassing others to get closer and closer
to Japan
African American Migration
•
More than 1 million African Americans moved to a
different part of the United States in search of
industrial jobs.
•
They left the rural South for cities in the North and
the West.
•
The presence of African Americans in areas where
they had not lived before led to racial tensions and
sometimes even racial riots.
German Mobilization
•
The German economy changed after Germany’s
defeat on the Russian front and the U.S. entry
into World War II.
o
Massive increase in armament production
o
Total war mobilization
o
Closure of schools, theaters, and cafés
o
Recognized need for women to work in
support of war effort, though number of
women in workforce increased little
Japanese Mobilization
•
Japanese society was highly mobilized upon
entering the war.
•
Government planning board controlled all
national resources, prices, wages, and labor.
•
Citizens were encouraged to make sacrifices for
the nation.
•
Minor increase in women's employment, seen
primarily in the traditional industries of textiles
and farming.
•
Korean and Chinese workers were imported to
meet labor shortages.
Children and the War
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Soviet Union
o
Girls worked in industries, mines, and railroads.
o
Children spied on German positions and worked
with the resistance.
o
Some were given decorations for killing enemy
troops.
Germany
o
Hitler Youth served in the front lines during the
last years of the war.
o
German children were sent to camps in the
countryside to protect them from the bombing
of cities.
Children and the War
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Great Britain
o
During air raids many were evacuated to the
countryside.
o
Some were sent to Canada and the United
States.
United States
o
•
Children were affected by shortages of housing
and schools in industrial boomtowns.
Japan
o
Fifteen thousand children had been evacuated
from Hiroshima before the atomic bomb was
dropped.
Air Bombing of Japan
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Continuous long-range bombing by U.S. B-29
airplanes
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High-altitude daylight strikes
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Low-level napalm firebombs at night, highly
successful
•
Atomic bomb dropped on military port of
Hiroshima
•
o
4.4 square miles burned
o
Approximately 70,000 killed
Nagasaki hit with second atomic weapon
o
40,000 killed
Air Bombing of Japan
•
Continuing deaths from atomic bombings, due to
injuries and radiation sickness
•
Destruction of many industries and dwellings
Essay: The Home Front
You have learned about the importance of the home front in
various countries involved in World War II. As a homework
assignment, write an essay in which you compare the U.S.
home front with that in another country of your choice,
Allied or Axis. Focus on the differences between a country
in which warfare is taking place and one in which it is not.
Use these questions as a guide in crafting your essay:
•
What role did women play in each country's war efforts?
•
How was the supply of essential goods—such as food,
clothing, and fuel—affected by the war?
•
How did the bombing of cities affect the morale of the
people?
•
How effective was each country in supplying military
equipment for its fighting forces?
•
What were the reasons for the movement of children and
other civilians around the country?
Slave Labor in Germany
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Hitler saw Slavs as racially inferior peoples who
should be made to serve the German nation.
•
Non-German European workers eventually made up
20 percent of Germany’s labor force.
•
Pulling large numbers of workers out of occupied
countries to work in Germany disrupted industrial
production that could have served Germany.
•
Brutal treatment of foreign workers led to resistance
against Nazi occupation forces.
Anti-Semitism and the Final Solution
You have learned about Hitler’s belief in the superiority
of the Aryans and the inferiority of all others, especially
the Jews. You have also learned about his “Final
Solution” to the Jewish problem. As a homework
assignment, write a paragraph in which you respond to
the following question:
How did Nazi Germany’s use of the term “Final Solution”
reflect Hitler’s view of the need for genocide to solve “the
Jewish problem”?
Anti-Semitism and the Final Solution
Use the following questions as a guide in focusing your
paragraph:
• Why did Hitler view the existence of the Jewish
people as a problem?
• In Hitler's view, what would have been the result of
a less than “final” solution?
• What other options did Hitler have besides
genocide, and how would those options have
affected Germany?
Japanese Colonial Policies
•
Were not significantly different from Western colonial
policies
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Sought to modernize occupied territory based on
Japanese models
•
Dedicated economic resources to Japanese war
machine
•
Filled labor forces with prisoners of war and local
peoples
•
Recruited native peoples of occupied territory to
serve in local military units and public works projects
Liberating the Concentration Camps
•
As Allied forces drove the Nazi army out of occupied
countries in 1944 and 1945, they liberated
concentration camps and death camps.
•
Camps liberated by Soviet troops included the
Auschwitz and Majdanek death camps.
•
Camps liberated by U.S. and British forces included
Buchenwald and Bergen-Belsen.
•
The soldiers who liberated the camps provided
eyewitness accounts of the details of the Holocaust.
•
Millions of Jews had died in the camps before the
camps were liberated.
Allies’ Conferences
Tehran
Decisions on future course of the
war; plan for final assault on
Germany
Yalta
Agreements on conditions for Soviet
aid against Japan, creation of the
United Nations, division of Germany,
and free elections in Poland
Potsdam
Soviet rejection of U.S. demand for
free elections in Eastern Europe;
agreement on trials of Nazi war
criminals
The Soviet Union’s Desire for Islands and Ports
As a condition for entering the war against Japan, the
Soviet Union demanded control of Sakhalin Island, the
Kuril Islands, and warm-water ports in Manchuria.
•
Disputes between Russia and Japan about control
of these areas had been a cause of the RussoJapanese War in 1905.
•
Sakhalin Island was valuable for its coal,
petroleum, timber, and fishery.
•
The Kuril Islands were valuable for their fishery.
•
Warm-water ports would give the Soviet Union
year-round access to the Pacific.
United Nations
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Advocated by United States at Yalta conference
during World War II
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Founded in 1945, after World War II
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Aim to maintain international peace and security
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Commitment to human rights and justice
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Promotion of social progress and wellbeing