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Transcript
8th Grade Science Content Vocabulary Energy and Matter Key Terms Atom - the smallest particle of an element that can exist either alone or in combination Element - A substance which cannot be separated into smaller parts and still retain its chemical identity. For example, sodium (Na) is an element. Compound - a substance made up of two or more elements. Energy Transformations - The process of changing from one energy form to another Kinetic Energy - Energy due to motion of a mass Law of Conservation of Energy - basic law of nature which claims that energy is neither created nor destroyed but rather changes form Mass - The measurement of the amount of matter that an object contains. Metal - A substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat. They also have the properties of being ductile, malleable and shiny Metalloid - A substance that has some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals Mixtures - a material made up by two or more different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically Nonmetal - A substance that lacks the properties of a metal which are brittle and are poor conductors of heat and electricity Potential Energy - A form of energy that can be converted to other, more useful forms; stored energy Radioactive - a property of an element that causes it to spontaneously decay into other smaller elements Weight - The mathematical relationship between mass and gravitational pull; Weight = Mass x Gravity Battery- A small cell that contains chemicals that create a charge when they react with one another. Chemical Potential Energy - Potential energy held in the chemical bonds of a substance Combustion Reaction- A reaction that occurs between a fuel source and oxygen where water and Carbon dioxide are produced. Elastic Potential Energy - Potential energy stored in elastic or compressive materials Energy- The ability to do work Kinetic Energy - The energy of motion Magnetic Potential Energy - Potential energy stored in magnetic substances Mechanical Energy - Energy involve with moving or displacing objects. Photoelectric Cell - A specialized metal contained in a cell that can convert sunlight into electrical energy. Potential Energy - Stored Energy 8th Grade Science Content Vocabulary Force Key Terms Acceleration - The change in velocity over time. If an object is speeding up it is said to have positive acceleration; if it is slowing down it is said to have (negative acceleration). Compound machine – Two or more simple machines that work together for a common function Force - an influence that changes an objects motion, direction or geometrical arrangement Friction - A force that acts in the opposite direction of movement based on the surfaces of the materials that are interacting with one another Gravity - A natural force that is directly proportional to an object’s mass Inclined plane – An elevated flat surface that allows movement in the vertical direction while also moving in the horizontal direction. Ex. A ramp Inertia - The tendency of an object to remain at rest or remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force Lever- A solidbar that pivots on an object called a fulcrum that gives a person a mechanical advantage Newton’s first law of motion- An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Newton’s second law of motion – The mass of an object is inversely proportional to the acceleration; F=ma Newton’s third law of motion – For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Pulley - A specialized wheel and axle that uses a grooved wheel and a cable to change the direction of a force Screw - An inclined plane wrapped around a central shaft that allows for vertical movement Speed – The rate at which an object covers distance Velocity - The rate at which an object covers distance plus the direction of the object Wedge – Two inclined planes that are placed back to back that are used to Separate object or stop the movement of an object. Weight- A product of an object’s mass and the gravitational pull acting on that object. Wheel and Axle – A round object that is attached to a central rod that pivots around a fixed point Air Resistance- Friction associated with the interaction of an object with the air Coefficient of Friction - The quantity that expresses the frictional forces between two objects Equilibrium - The point at which an object is at rest or moving with a constant velocity Force - A push or pull on an object as it interacts with its environment Inertia - The natural tendency for an object to remain at rest or to remain in motion Kinetic Friction - The retarding force that acts upon a moving object in the opposite direction Momentum- The product of mass and velocity Net Force - The sum of all forces acting upon an object Newton's First Law - An object at rest remains at rest, and an object remains in motion unless acted upon by an outside force Newton's Second Law - The force an object exerts is equal to the objects mass multiplied by the objects acceleration Newton's Third Law - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Normal Force - A force acting in the opposite direction of another force. Rolling Friction- Friction associated with one object rolling over another Sliding Friction- Friction associated with one object sliding over another 8th Grade Science Content Vocabulary Static Friction - The force opposing the movement of an object across a surface Weight- An objects mass multiplied by the gravitational force acting upon it 8th Grade Science Content Vocabulary Light & Sound Key Terms Angle of incidence - The angle at which light hits a reflective surface Angle of reflection - The angle at which light leaves a reflective surface Diffraction - the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings Electromagnetic radiation - Energy that moves as both a particle and a wave that can travel through any medium Electromagnetic spectrum - The range of all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation Fiber optics - Optical fibers that can carry light over long distances that are used in communication and data transfer Frequency - The number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Lens - an optical device which transmits and refracts light, converging or diverging the beam . Mirror - A substance that can reflect light efficiently Photon - a bundle of light energy that moves as both a particle and a wave Primary colors - Colors that can be added or subtracted from one another to create other colors. Red, Blue, Green, Cyan, Magenta and Yellow. Prism - A substance that can refract white light separating it into its colored components Reflection - The change in direction of a wave from the surface of a reflective material. Refraction - the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where it's speed changes due to differences in density. Speed of light - The speed at which light travels in a vacuum. ( 3.00 x 108 m/s) Wave particle duality - The dual nature of light that explains the wave and particle characteristics that light exhibits. Wavelength - The distance between two crests of a wave. Acoustics - The science of sound: Study of the interaction between sound waves and objects Amplification - Producing sounds that have more intensity than where they were originally produced Compression – Moving molecules closer together as in a gas Compression wave (longitudinal wave) - A wave produced where molecules are pushed closer together and then rebound to their normal position Crest - The highest point of a transverse wave Decibel - Unit of sound intensity Density - The ratio of mass versus volume: D= m/V Doppler Effect - When sound waves of an object moving relative to the observer take on a different frequency than if they were stationary. Frequency - The number of waves that pass a given point in a given amount of time. Inner ear - Inner most part of the ear that contains the cochlea and nerve endings Intensity - The loudness of sound Mach I - An object reaches this point when it breaks the sound barrier Medium- A substance that sound can travel through Middle ear - The part of the ear that contains the ossicles (ear bones) Outer ear - The part of the ear that receives sound input from the outside world P wave - Primary compression wave that occurs during an earthquake Pitch - The high or low effect of sound based on frequency Rarefaction - The decompression of a compression wave S wave - The transverse wave associated with an Earthquake 8th Grade Science Content Vocabulary Seismograph - An instrument that records seismic waves Sonic Boom - The release of a massive sound wave that occurs when an object breaks the sound barrier Sound barrier - The point at which an object exceeds the speed of sound Sound wave - A compression wave that carries energy to a natural or artificial device that can detect pressure changes Speed of sound - 343.2 meters per second or 1,126 ft/s. This is equivalent to 1,236 Kilometers per hour or 768 mph Supersonic - An object that can break the sound barrier Tinnitus- Ringing or hissing in the ear as a result of listening to high frequency or high intensity sounds Trough - The lowest part of a transverse wave Transverse wave - A wave that moves energy in one direction but travels in a path That oscillates up and down in equal directions Wavelength - The distance between two crests in a transverse wave or the distance between the compressions of a compression wave. 8th Grade Science Content Vocabulary Electricity & Magnetism Key Terms Alternating Current - the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction Ampere - Unit that is a measurement of electric current Battery - A device that can generate an electric current by creating a potential difference between two poles. Bioelectricity - Electrical currents produced by living organisms Conductor - Any material that allows an electric current to flow Current - The flow of charged particles through a conductor Direct Current - Current that flows in one direction Electric Circuit - The pathway that electrical current flows through Electricity - The flow of charged particles through a conductor that has the ability to do work Electromagnet- A temporary magnet created by an electric current moving through a coiled wire. Ferrous Metals - Metals that can be attracted to a magnet Load - The power leaving an electrical component Magnetic Field - The region around a magnet where influence by the magnet is present Magnetism - A property of materials that respond to an applied magnetic field Ohms Law - Voltage / Resistance = Current or I = V/r Parallel Circuit - A circuit with more than one pathway for current flow Permanent magnet - Substances that have permanent magnetic qualities Resistor - A substance that resists the flow of electricity Series Circuit - A circuit with only one pathway for current Static Electricity- A difference in charge that builds between two objects that results in a discharge of energy Superconductor - a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. Switch - A device that interrupts an electrical current Temporary magnet - Substances that have temporary magnetic properties based on the influence of electricity or other magnets Volt - The unit of measurement that describes the potential difference in charge between two points.