Download Freud: The Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality

Personality
By Mr. C
With slides stolen from
Dr. Kelley Kline
FSU-Panama City
And www.appsychology.com
Personality











What is personality?
Who was Hippocrates?
What is psychodynamic approach to personality?
Freud’s 3 structures of personality?
What are ego defense mechanisms?
What is repression? Regression?
What is displacement? Projection?
What is reaction formation? Denial?
What is sublimation? What is compensation?
What are psychosexual stages of development? (3
cards)
What is fixation?
Hippocrates

Believed our personality is based on 4
“humours” or bodily fluids (blood,
phlegm, cholera, black bile)
What is the psychodynamic
perspective of personality?
Started by Sigmund Freud, this perspective
believes we are dominated by repressed,
unconscious sexual, biological drives.
Other psychoanalysts include Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung
I. Freud—1856-1939
An Austrian Neurologist who became
fascinated with studying
hysteria.
Father of psychoanalysis.

The Psychodynamic approach was the
first theory on personality (early 1900s)

We are driven by unconscious
forces (sexual and aggressive
forces).
What is the iceberg analogy of
consciousness?
III. Levels of Consciousness: Iceberg
theory



1. Conscious mind – like the top of the iceberg, only a
small portion of our mind is accessible to us.
2. Preconscious mind – material that is unconscious,
but can be easily brought into awareness. Moves back
& forth easily between conscious & unconscious.
3. Unconscious mind – is completely outside of our
awareness (could produce anxiety if made conscious).

The iceberg is a
good analogy
because very little is
visible on the
surface but lots
more is visible under
water.
IV. What are Freud’s parts of
personality?



1. Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious
impulses that want to be gratified, without
regard to potential punishment.
2. Ego “reality principle” – moderates
between the id and superego.
3. Superego – the “moral principle” of our
personality which tells us right from wrong our
conscience
Which part of our personality is
completely unconscious?




A. Ego
B. Id
C. Superego
D. yomamma
What TV characters, especially
Simpsons characters, are
driven by the ID?
ID
ID leads us to eating and
drinking
How about Superego?
Superego
How about ego, our voice of
reason?
Ego
Id controlling Marge.
The Ego moderates between the
Id and the Superego.
In Sigmund Freud’s view, the
role of the ego is to





A. make the individual feel superior to
others
B. make the individual feel inferior to others
C. mediate among the id, the superego, and
reality
D. serve the demands of the unconscious
E. serve the demands of the superego
In accord with psychoanalytic theory,
one of the primary functions of the
superego is to





A.assure that desires are gratified at the
appropriate time
B.guide behavior prior to the development
of the id and ego
C.assure immediate gratification of any
need or desire as it occurs
D.balance and respond to the demands of
the id and ego
E.serve as the individual’s conscience
What are ego Defense
Mechanisms?

How our personality (ego)
deals with unpleasant
emotions and thoughts.
VI. Defense mechanisms


1. Repression: “motivated forgetting” the
suppression of unpleasant thoughts. We
push unpleasant thoughts into unconscious
so that we can’t access them.
E.g., a child who is molested, may suppress
the traumatic event so that he/she has no
memory for the event.
2. Rationalization – we justify
something bad we’ve done
You run over a person and tell yourself “I’m
sure he would have died soon anyway.”
 You steal and say, “Well, I spend a lot of
money at this store!”
Everybody else is doing it!
New Orleans looting after Katrina
3.Regression



Dealing with problems by “regressing”
or going backward in terms of maturity.
Ex: Soldiers crying for “mommy”
Ex: Fighting couples acting immature.
4. Displacement- you take out your
anger & frustration on a person or object
not the actual target of your anger in a
negative way



Dis – wrong place = place
E.g., After being grilled by your boss, you
go home & yell at your partner or the
dog/cat.
Peeing on the teacher’s car.
5. Projection – You attribute your
negative characteristics to another person.

When people project their own faults onto
others, they generally do not deny that they
themselves possess those faults.

E.g., Your partner tells you how selfish you
are, when they are in fact selfish.
Why is this projection?
6. Reaction Formation – acting the
opposite of how you feel.

You do the opposite of how you feel to
defend your own doubts.

E.g., A person who doubts his faith may act
like a religious zealot to defend his religion.
Reaction Formation
7. What is Denial?
Denial, not “The Nile!!!!”
2. Denial- refusing to believe something
unpleasant has occurred.


We refuse to accept horrible news, even
with evidence to the contrary.
E.g., you hear a friend has died & won’t
believe it’s true.
“I don’t have drinking problem”
8. Sublimation –Making something bad
about yourself into something positive.



Don’t mix up with displacement (kicking dog)
E.g., Aggressive impulses are transformed into the
urge to engage in competitive sports.
Most desirable way of dealing with unacceptable
id impulses.
9. What is compensation?


We do something well to make up
(compensate) for other deficits in our
life. (Invented by Adler)
Ex: We become a cop to compensate
for getting picked on as a child.
Intellectualization


Take an emotionally uncomfortable
moment and interpret it like a heartless
scientist.
(My grandpa died, so I say “Men have a
65% chance of dying past age 75.”)
Your assignment



Pick 6 defense mechanisms.
Draw a comic strip illustrating that
defense mechanism.
Stick figures are fine.
According to Freud, which is the
most important factor in
personality?





A.behavior
B.unconscious impulses
C.thoughts
D.emotions
E.genetics
Hal is fearful of men who are friendly toward him,
convinced that they are all homosexuals
attempting to seduce him. Should it be the
case that Hal is himself a latent homosexual
fearful of admitting this even to himself, we
might conclude that he is using the defense
mechanisms of repression and

A. reaction formation

B. projection

C. displacement

D. regression

E. denial
When parents refuse to accept several
psychologists’ diagnosis of a child’s
mental illness, they are using which of
the following defense mechanisms?

A. Denial

B. Displacement

C. Projection

D. Rationalization

E. Regression
A man who has numerous reasons to hate his
mother instead lavishes her with unrealistic
amounts of attention and love. He is
probably exhibiting the defense mechanism
of

A. regression

B. identification

C. reaction formation

D. displacement

E.projection
Freud’s psychosexual stages






Oral (0-1)
Anal (2-3)
Phallic (4-5)
Latency (6-12)
Genital (puberty and older)
Each stage has a pleasure center –
center for libidnal energy
Oral Stage
Oral Stage



The pleasure center is the mouth. Freud said
the pleasure center moves around the body
as we develop.
Freud said if we are not gratified at this stage
we will be fixated at this stage.
Adults who are fixated at this stage like to do
things with mouth for pleasure (smoking,
eating, chew gum, bite nails, other things.)
Anal Stage
Anal stage



Adults who were not gratified at this
stage can be anally repulsive or anally
retentive.
Anal retentive are overly-neat and
organized (Type A personality)
Anal repulsive are overly messy and
irresponsible.
Phallic stage


Genitals are the
pleasure zone.
Oedipal complex –
boys have
erotically tinged
preference for
their mother –
compete with their
father for mother’s
attention
Phallic stage cont. . .



Not resolving the Oedipal conflict may
result in boy not identifying with father,
thus not develop a conscience.
Electra complex (girls’ equivalent to
Oedipus)
Also. . . Girls have penis envy and
blame and resent their mothers for their
anatomical deficiency.


The latency period “the cooties stage”
begins sometime around the age of six and
ends when puberty starts to begin. Freud
believed that in this phase the Oedipus
complex was dissolved and set free,
resulting in a relatively conflict-free period of
development. In this phase, the child begins
to make connections to siblings, other
children, and adults. This phase is typified by
a solidifying of the habits that the child
developed in the earlier stages.
Latency – “cooties stage” - sexuality is
hidden (latency = hidden) Children in same
sex groups. Boys hang with father. Girls
with mother.
Genital stage (puberty ++)


Libidinal energy is not focused on your
own genitals (like in the phallic stage)
but on other people’s genitals.
Fixation in earlier stages will hinder this
stage.
According to Freud, what occurs
during the phallic stage?




A. the child struggles with
independence and inferiority
B. the child develops sexual feelings
for the opposite sex parent while
harboring jealousy towards the other
parent
C. the child develops sexual feelings
for the opposite sex during
preadolescence
D.the child becomes fixated on issues
of neatness and rebellion
What is a result of being fixated
at the oral stage?





A.overeating
B.stingy
C.extreme neatness
D.suppression
E.excessive anger





Carlos never cleans up after himself.
He’s disorganized and impulsive.
Freud would say that Carlos is fixated
at the anal stage, which means:
A. His parents did not toilet train him
properly.
B.His parents did not wean him properly
C.He uses defense mechanisms to relieve
anxiety.
D.His progress toward self-actualization is
blocked.
Personality










What methods psychoanalysts use?
Pros of psychoanalytic theory?
Cons of psychoanalytic theory?
Who is Carl Jung?
Who is Alfred Adler?
What is Humanistic perspective on personality?
Who is Abraham Maslow?
Who is Carl Rogers?
Projective versus self-report tests?
Examples of personality tests?
VII. Psychoanalysis (psychodynamic):



Unconscious thoughts & emotions are
brought into awareness to be dealt with.
Psychological problems – the result of
unconscious processes.
Bringing unpleasant unconscious thoughts
into to consciousness, produces catharsis.
A. What are Psychoanalytic methods of
therapy (4 of them):


1. Free Association – patient reports
anything that comes to his/her mind.
The psychoanalyst listens for links &
themes that might tie the patient’s
fragmentary thoughts or remarks together.
B. Dream analysis:

Dreams have two types of content:

Manifest content- actual events in dream.
Latent content – hidden message in dream.


Freud thought that each dream represents a
form of wish fulfillment. The wish may be
disguised, but it is always there.
C. Transference

Feelings of love or other emotions (hatred)
are expressed toward the therapist.

These feelings are actually unconsciously
felt toward others; the patient is projecting
these feelings onto the therapist.

This provides clues about the client’s
feelings about these other people.
Hypnosis


Hypnosis is a psychoanalytic therapeutic
technique.
Supposedly reaches into the
subconscious
Criticisms of Freud’s theory:

1. Freud had no scientific data to support his
theories.

2. Freud’s theories (unconscious, libido, etc.)
cannot be observed.

3. Theory explains behavior (post-hoc) after the
fact.

4. Observations not representative of population
(very sexist and not multicultural).
Pros of Freud’s theory

1. Argued that childhood experiences are
important in personality development.

2. Information outside of awareness does
influence us.

3. Defense mechanisms—good descriptions
of some of our behaviors.
One criticism of Freud’s
psychosexual theory of
development is that it





A.emphasizes developmental changes
in the oral and anal stages
B.views adult disorders as
adjustments to the environment
C.views fear of loss as a motivating
drive
D. is based on empirically unverifiable
constructs
E. is based on ethnographic studies
Which is a criticism of Freud’s
psychodynamic approach to
personality?




A. His sample of patients was small and
unrepresentative of the general
population.
B. His theory reflects Western European
and N. American cultural values
C. The theory was not developed
scientifically and thus is subject to bias.
D. The theory was not comprehensive
and has had little influence on
psychology.
More psychoanalysts – the
Neo-Freudians

Who was Carl Jung? He was a
psychoanalyst who disagreed with
Freud.
Analytical Psychology

Analytical psychology emphasized the
unconsciousness mind and its influence
on dream processes


Carl Jung
Two forms of unconscious mind


Personal unconscious: unique for each person
Collective unconscious: consists of primitive
images and ideas that are universal for humans
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN
ACTION, 7E
Carl Jung



Less emphasis on social
factors.
Focused on the
unconscious.
We all have a
collective
unconscious: a
shared/inherited well of
memory traces from our
species history.
Jung’s Two Levels of the
Unconscious

Personal unconscious:


Contains the individual’s repressed
thoughts, forgotten experiences, and
undeveloped ideas
Collective unconscious:

The part of the unconscious that is
inherited and common to all members of a
species
©Prentice Hall 2003
10-74
Carl Jung


Archetypes – certain symbols/literary
characters that we all recognize
Ex: wise old man, witches, messiah
Archetypes


The thought forms common to all
human beings.
Archetypes are stored in the collective
unconscious.
©Prentice Hall 2003
10-76
Archetypes

Mother:


Hero:


A protective presence
One who overcomes
Persona:

Our public self
©Prentice Hall 2003
10-77
Archetypes

Anima:


The female archetype as it is expressed in
the male personality.
Animus:

The male archetype as it is expressed in
the female personality.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vX07j9SDFcc (Lion King
Part 1)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_TpJfLKBT0&feature=rela
ted (Lion King Part 2)
©Prentice Hall 2003
10-78
Jung’s Two General Attitude
Types

Extrovert:


One who focuses more on social life and
the external world instead of his/her own
thoughts and feelings.
Introvert:

One who focuses on his/her own thoughts
and feelings.
©Prentice Hall 2003
10-79
Jung’s Two Types of
Individuals

Rational:


One who regulates his/her actions by
thinking and feeling.
Irrational:

One who bases his/her actions on
perceptions, either through the senses or
unconscious processes (intuition).
©Prentice Hall 2003
10-80
What is Myers-Briggs personality
type?

Based
on
Jung’s
types
Individual Psychology


Rather than seeing behavior as
motivated by unconscious forces, Adler
believed it is purposeful and goaldirected.
Inferiority complex: Adler’s idea that
feelings of inferiority develop from early
childhood experiences of helplessness
and incompetence.
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN
ACTION, 7E
Alfred Adler







Childhood is important to
personality.
But focus should be on social
factors- not sexual ones.
Behavior is driven by efforts to
conquer inferiority & feel superior.
Inferiority Complex - feelings of
inferiority develop from early
childhood experiences of
helplessness and incompetence.
We strive to be superior
Coined term compensation
First to study birth order
Karen Horney’s theory

Horney stress the importance of basic
anxiety and refuted Freud’s idea of
“penis envy,” replacing it with “power
envy.”

Basic anxiety – the feelings of helplessness
and insecurity that adults experience
because as children they felt alone and
isolated in a hostile environment.
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN
ACTION, 7E
My Real Self
Rank yourself on a scale of 1-7 on each of
the following characteristics.
THERE ARE NO RIGHT ANSWERS.
IT WILL NOT BE COLLECTED.
GOAL = BE AS ACCURATE AS POSSIBLE.
MY REAL SELF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Independent -------------------------------- Dependent
Withdrawn ---------------------------------- Sociable
Sexual ----------------------------------------Nonsexual
Lazy -------------------------------------------Hardworking
A follower ----------------------------------- A leader
Humanistic Psychology

In the 1960’s people became
sick of Freud’s negativity and
trait psychology’s objectivity.
• Along came psychologists wanted to
focus on “healthy” people and how to
help them strive to “be all that they
can be”.
•
Freud studied the ill, Humanists studied the
well.
Abraham Maslow’s Self
Actualizing Person

Hierarchy of Needs
•Ultimately seek selfactualization (the
process of fulfilling our
potential).
•Maslow developed
his ideas by studying
what he termed
“healthy people”.
Who did Maslow study?
Self-Actualized People
They share certain characteristics:
•They are self aware and self accepting
•Open and spontaneous
•Loving and caring
•Not paralyzed by others’ opinions.
•They are secure in who they are.
Self-Actualized People

Problem centered rather than self-centered.
Focused their energies on a particular task.
Few deep relationships, rather than many
superficial ones.
Self-Actualization

These are the qualities that
make up a mature adult.
•These people have found their
calling in life.
Is this a goal worth striving
for?
Carl Rogers




A. Actualizing tendency (person’s
tendency to fulfill his/her human potential)
believed we are innately positive
as we grow up, parents and authority
figures place “conditions” on our worth
we begin to operate under conditional
positive regard & we lose our sense of
self
We need unconditional positive regard
in our relationships & from therapist.
B. Self concept (two parts)
1. Real self
-The you that you are
2. Ideal self
-The self we think we should be (unattainable)
e.g. You are not a quality person if you don’t
have a girlfriend…social situations will be
threatening
e.g. Successful people go to college…career
options outside of this will be denied
Goal: Fully functioning Individual (congruency)
Uniting your real and ideal self
REAL
IDEAL
Incongruent self: neurosis
REAL
IDEAL
Incongruent self: psychosis (shattered self)
Fully-Functioning Individual
Congruence!
Open to experiences
Freedom from society
Creativity
Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy
(Person-Centered/Rogerian)


Client says what’s wrong, find ways of
improving, etc.
Requirements of the therapist:




Congruence (genuineness) = honesty with
client
Empathy = feel what the client feels
Respect = acceptance, unconditional positive
regard for client
Mirror the clients emotions and thoughts so
that he/she can decide their path in life
My Ideal Self
On each of the following, identify how
you would like to be. Give the rankings
that would best represent your ideal
self.
THERE ARE NO RIGHT ANSWERS.
YOU ARE NOT TRYING TO GET HIGH OR
LOW SCORE.
IT WILL NOT BE COLLECTED.
MY IDEAL SELF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Independent -------------------------------- Dependent
Withdrawn ---------------------------------- Sociable
Sexual ----------------------------------------Nonsexual
Lazy -------------------------------------------Hardworking
A follower ----------------------------------- A leader
How do we measure personality?
(examples of personality tests?)


Projective tests ask subject to interpret
a picture. Used only by psychoanalysts;
are subjective. Ex. TAT, Rorschach Ink
blot test
Self-report tests are questionnaires.
Used by humanists and others. Used
more commonly than projective. They
rely on honesty. Ex: Five factor, MMPI,
Myers-Briggs.
TAT
Thematic
Apperception Test

A projective test which people
express their inner feelings through
stories they make about ambiguous
scenes
Thematic Apperception Test
TAT
Rorschach Inkblot Test

The most widely used projective
test
•A set of ten inkblots designed to
identify people’s feelings when
they are asked to interpret what
they see in the inkblots.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Rorschach Inkblot Test
What is the trait approach to
personality?




A trait: The typical way a person
perceives, feels, believes or acts.
Example: introverted, thinker, feeler,
uptight
The trait approach says a personality is
the sum of all the traits.
Problem: traits are situational, not
permanent.
Gordon Allport


Believed most important traits or
personality were those related to our
values
Categories of value related traits:



Cardinal traits
Central traits
Secondary traits
©1999 Prentice Hall
Allport



Central traits – building blocks of personality
(grumpy, smart, wild, sneaky, etc.)
Secondary traits – not as obvious or
consistent; preferences, attitudes, situational
traits (“gets angry when try to tickle him,” “she
has unusual sexual preferences”)
Cardinal traits – traits that practically define
our lives; few develop these; if do, later in life
(Scrooge = greed, Mother Teresa = religious
service, Machiavelli = political ruthlessness)
Raymond Cattell

Believed there were 3 types of traits
useful in describing personality




Dynamic traits
Ability traits
Temperament traits
Distinguished between “surface” &
“source” traits
©1999 Prentice Hall
Raymond Cattell




Used factor analysis
Identified 46 “surface” traits – clusters
of related behaviors; characteristics that
can be observed in given situation
Further factored to 16 “source” traits –
basic dimensions of personality
Created the 16PF Questionnaire

Influenced the Big Five
©1999 Prentice Hall
Hans Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions

Eysenck argued that
personality could be reduced
to three basic dimensions
(source traits):
 Emotional stability
 Introversion-extraversion
 Psychoticism (added)


Recklessness, disregard
for common sense,level
of inappropriate
emotional expression
Personality traits = based in
biology & genes
©1999 Prentice Hall
William Sheldon & body types
(1898-1977)
Your body type determines your
personality
Sheldon’s endomorph
•Love of food
•Love of comfort
•Sociable
•Good-humored
•Relaxed
•Tolerant
Sheldon’s ectomorph
•Self-conscious
•Private
•Introverted
•Intense
•Artistic
•Restrained
Sheldon’s mesomorph
•Adventurous
•Dominant
•Courageous
•Indifferent
•Competitive
•Risk-taker
Five Factor Model (modern)



Tests our personality by measuring a
person’s level of extroversion,
agreeableness, conscientiousness,
emotional stability-instability, and
openness to experience.
Similar to the Myers-Briggs.
Are 5 traits enough?
Overview of the Big “5”
The MMPI

The most common test today is the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory.
Social/Cognitive Perspective


Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive
approach focuses on self-efficacy and
reciprocal determinism.
Julian Rotter’s locus of control theory
emphasizes a person’s internal or
external focus as a major determinant
of personality.
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN
ACTION, 7E
Evaluating Social/Cognitive Theory




Emphasizes the interaction between the
environment and the individual
Meets the standards for scientific
research by offering testable and
objective hypotheses
Ignores unconscious and emotional
components of personality
Overlooks developmental aspects of
personality© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN
ACTION, 7E
What is locus of control?


Locus means “place” in Greek (loci is
plural)
refers to a person's belief about what
causes the good or bad results in his
life, either in general or in a specific
area
External locus of control?



Having an external locus of control
means the cause of everything comes
from the outside.
In a car accident, the car hit you or the
roads were slippery.
Acing a test – the teacher likes you.
You are lucky.
Internal locus of control



Having an internal locus of control –
you believe you are the cause and
solution to problems. You deserve
credit.
Crash a car? “I wasn’t paying
attention”
Ace a test? I studied. I copied my
notes onto note cards.
Good Luck!


Make sure to double check all of your
answers and study them for the
upcoming exam. Remember, AT LEAST
FIVE of the questions from this quiz will
make some sort of appearance on the
chapter test along with one of the essay
questions.
Take advantage of this study guide and
good luck on your test!