Download The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial
Revolution
An Overview
1700 - 1900
Production Before The Industrial
Revolution: Food
• All goods were made by hand or grown on
the farm.
• Farmers grew just enough food to survive.
• Surpluses might be exchanged for goods
made in towns
Why life is so different now?
• The Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
• Definition
– the shift from
making goods
by hand to
making them
by machine
Overview of Industrial
Revolution
• The Industrial
Revolution creates
great wealth but also
great social and
economic inequality,
which caused a push
for political, social, and
economic reforms
In what country did the Industrial
Revolution begin?
• The Industrial
Revolution began
in England in the
1780’s
Why did the Revolution begin in
England?
• Because
England had the
3 factors for
production
necessary for
industrialization
What are the 3 factors of
production?
• land
• labor
• capital
Land includes
• Natural resources such
as:
– water power and coal to
fuel new machines
– iron ore to construct
machines, tools, and
buildings
– rivers for inland
transportation
– harbors from which
merchant ships set sail
Labor
• An increase in
population created
a surplus of
workers
• enclosed farms
pushed farmers
off the land and
into the cities
Capital
• A strong economic and
political stability in
England encouraged
private investment
• banks gave loans to invest
in new machinery and to
expand operations
• business people invested in
the manufacturing of new
inventions
What was the first industry to be
transformed by the revolution?
• Textile industry
– Britain’s textile
industry
clothed the
world in wool,
in linen, and
cotton.
Major inventions in the textile
industry
• Inventions which
transformed the
manufacture of cloth
– flying shuttle
– spinning jenny
– water powered
spinning wheels
Spinning Jenny
• The Spinning Jenny
was an 18th century
cotton spinning
machine designed by
James Hargreaves in
1764..
• By turning a single
wheel, the operator
could now spin eight
threads at once.
Power Loom
• This invention made it
possible for weaving to
become a large-scale
factory based industry.
Before the invention of the
power loom it was
handloom weavers who
made cloth. These were
men who worked in the
basements of their homes
using wooden hand
powered looms to weave
cloth
Flyer Spinning Frame
• Introduced by Richard
Arkwright in 1769, the
flyer spinning frame is
powered by the drive
wheel at the bottom,
drawing out the fiber into
thread, then twisting it as
it is wound onto the
bobbins.
Water Powered Mill
• Water turned
the paddles of a
wheel, which in
turn moved
grinding stones
or other
mechanical
devices.
Developments in England had an
impact on the rest of the world
• Example:
– England’s cotton
came from
plantations in the
American South,
where cotton
production increased
in response to
demand from the
textile mills in
England.
How might America respond to
meet this demand for cotton?
• Bring in more
slaves to work the
crops
• inventions to help
in the cotton
industry
– Eli Whitney’s
cotton gin, for
example
Cotton Gin
American Cotton Production
• Thanks to Eli
Whitney’s invention
of the cotton gin,
cotton production in
the U.S. skyrocketed
from 1.5 million
pounds in 1790 to 85
million pounds in
1810.
90
80
70
60
50
cotton
40
30
20
10
0
1790 1810
Transportation expands
• Invention of the steam engine,
which connected consumers,
producers, and suppliers
• Construction of canals
• Railroads, which promoted the
iron and steel industries, where the
Bessemer Process was introduced
• Construction of better roads
Steam Engines…..
James Watt improved the
steam engine in 1765.
In 1804, Richard Trevithick
used the first steam-driven
locomotive.
In 1821, George
Stephenson began work on
the world’s first railroad
line.
What 19th century technological innovation
increased trade along rivers?
Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor
who is widely credited with developing the first
commercially successful paddle-wheeled steamboat.
Answer:
The
Steamboat
More about………roads
• Did you know…
– In the 1700s, British roads were so bad that rain
and mud often made roads impassable. Men
were known to drown in potholes. In one
region, an inland lighthouse was built to guide
travelers over treacherous roads.
Changes in Life…
• People moved to cities to work in factories.
This movement of people to cities is called
urbanization.
• Cities were not prepared for this increase.
People crowded into already crowded
houses.
Rooms were rented to whole families
or perhaps several families.
If there were no rooms to rent, people
stayed in lodging houses.
Pollution
Chimneys, bridges and factory smoke
blocked out most of the light in the
towns.
A layer of dirty smoke often covered
the streets like a blanket.
This came from the factories that used
steam to power their machines.
The steam was made by burning coal
to heat water.
Burning coal produces a lot of dirty,
black smoke.
New Class Structure
During the Industrial Revolution a new class structure emerged.
Upper Class
Upper Middle Class
• Very rich business families
• Members of the class
often married into nobility.
Business people and
professionals (Lawyers and
Doctors)
High standard of living
Lower Middle Class
• Below the upper middle class
• Made of teachers, office
workers, and shop owners
The Bottom
• Factory workers and peasants.
• Harsh living and working
conditions.
Working Conditions of the factories
•
•
•
•
•
•
Factory work hours were long.
Men, women, and even children worked for 12 to 16 hours a day.
Mass production methods led to work that was boring.
Many machines were dangerous.
Many people lost limbs in machines.
Dim lighting.
Factory Conditions
In the nineteenth century many
young children worked in the
fields. Other poor children
worked in textile factories or in
the mines to help with the family
income. Gradually new laws
changed all this. Today we
would be shocked at the idea of
children as young as nine
working for twelve hours a day
in a mill or a mine or a field – it
would be against the law!
Reforms
Factory Act of 1833 – Illegal to hire children
under 9. Children 9-12 couldn’t work more than
8 hours a day. Children 13-17 could not work
more than 12 hours a day.
Mines Act of 1842 – Illegal to hire women and
children to work underground.
Ten Hours Act of 1847 – Limited the workday to
10 hours for women and children in factories.
Other Reforms
• End of Slavery –
–
–
–
–
Britain abolished slavery in 1833
The United States abolished slavery in 1865
Puerto Rico ended slavery in 1873
Cuba ended slavery in 1886
Women’s Rights
– Women began the movement for rights in 1848.
– Women received the right to vote in America in
1920.
Primary Source – Living Conditions
Read the following passage from the book Mary Barton and answer the questions below.
You went down one step even from the foul area into the cellar in which a family of human beings lived. It was very
dark inside. The window-panes many of them were broken and stuffed with rags…..the smell was so fetid (foul) as
almost to knock the two men down….they began to penetrate the thick darkness of the place, and to see three or four
little children rolling on the damp, nay wet brick floor, through which the stagnant, filthy moisture of the street oozed
up. Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton
_____1. What does fetid mean? A. Good smell
b. Nice smell
c. Bad smell
_____2. Was the area a good place for children? A. Yes
b. No
_____3. Where did the family live? A. The attic
B. An apartment c. The cellar
_____4. What kind of lighting did they have? A. very good B. almost none c. quite a bit
_____5. How many children were there? A. Less than 2
b. Less than 3
c. Less than 4
_____6. How many men went to observe the home? A. More than 1
b. More than 2 c. More than 3
_____7. The author of the story is _____? A. Mary Barton B. Elizabeth Gaskell
_____8. The author feels sympathy for the family? A. True B. False
_____9. The family in the story is working class? A. True B. False
_____10. The family in the story is used to the smell? A. True B. False
Based on what you know about the Industrial Revolution, decide if the following statements are True or False.
_____11. Everyone lived like this family. A. True B. False
_____12. The working class grew too quickly and cities were not prepared for it. A. True B. False
_____13. The factory owners were worried about their workers. A. True B. False
_____14. People lived longer in the cities than the countryside. A. True B. False
_____15. Most of the workers came from the countryside. A. True B. False