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The Industrial
Revolution
1700 - 1850
1804 - Trevithick - steam locomotive
1769 - Watt - steam engine
1721 - Tull - seed drill
1785 - Cartwright - power loom
1764 -Hargreaves - spinning jenny
1769 -Arkwright -water frame
1793 - Whitney - cotton gin
1733 -Kay - flying shuttle
1779 - Crompton - spinning mule
FACTORS of INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
•
CHANGES IN FARMING METHODS
•
RISE IN POPULATION
•
GEOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGES
•
INVENTIONS
CHANGES IN FARMING METHODS
•1700 – Agricultural Revolution begins before Industrial Revolution
•Wealthy buy much of the land
•Landowners rent fields to tenant farmers
•Tenant farmers – one who farms another's land and pays rent,
usually in a share of the crops
•Landowners began fencing or hedging their land
•Process is called enclosure
•Landowners free to experiment
Scientific Revolution Meets Agricultural Revolution
• Landowners needed new ways to increase harvest
• Jethro Tull one of the first scientific farmers
• Invented a seed drill in 1721
• Seed drill created evenly spaced rows at a specific depth
Scientific Revolution Meets Agricultural Revolution
•Scientific farmers began to use crop rotation
•System of growing different crops each year in a field to
preserve fertility of the land
•Raising livestock was also improved
•Selective Breeding = only the healthiest and most fit animals
were bred
RISE IN POPULATION
•During the 1700’s the population of Europe increased rapidly
•Result of better livestock and rising crop production = more
food
•Reasons for population growth
•Improved health
•Increased food supplies
•Growth in population increased need for food
•Population growth also supplied the extra workers needed in the
factories to produce more food
Great Britain: Industrial Leader
•Great Britain had all of the factors needed to be a successful
industrialized nation
•Abundant natural resources
•Favorable geography
•Favorable climate for new ideas
•Effective banking system
•Politically stable
Abundant Natural Resources
•Industrialized countries needed 3 important natural resources:
• Water-power
• Coal
• Iron Ore
• Water and coal supplied energy for the machines
• Iron ore needed to build machines, tools, and buildings
Favorable Geography
•
Britain an island nation
•
Had many fine harbors and 6,000 merchant ships
•
Sailed to every part of the globe
•
Overseas trade gave Britain access to raw materials and markets
to sell products
Favorable Climate For New Ideas
•
British were interested in science and technology
•
Founded the Royal Society
•
•
World famous “club” for exchanging ideas and inventions
Wealthy British invested in inventions
Effective Banking System
•
Great Britain had the most highly developed banking system in
Europe
•
Service of making loans was very important during this time
period
•
Loaning money at a reasonable interest rate encouraged people
to invest in inventions
Politically Stable
•
British lived in a century of peace
•
Freedom from the expense of war allowed them to spend money
on new technology
•
Government favored economic growth
•
It passed laws supporting and encouraging new investments
Inventions Revolutionize the Textile Industry
•Britain became world leader in raising sheep
•Wool became a major trading product
•Cotton popular for lighter weight clothing
•Cloth spun at home in cottage industries
•Work done by hand on spinning wheels and looms
One Invention Inspires Others
•Six Major Inventions Change the Cotton Industry
•John Kay - Flying Shuttle
•James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny
•Richard Arkwright - Water Frame
•Samuel Crompton - Spinning Mule
•Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom
•Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin
John Kay’s Flying Shuttle
• Flying Shuttle invented in 1733
• Piece of wood that held yarn
• Shuttle woven in and out of the yarn tied to the loom
• Allowed the weaver to work twice as fast
James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny
• Invented in 1764
• A faster spinning wheel
• Could spin 80 threads at a time
• Humans could spin only 1 thread at a time
• Hand operated
Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame
• Invented in 1769
• Used water power from a fast flowing stream to drive the
spinning wheels
Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule
• Invented in 1779
• Combined the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame
• Used to make stronger, finer thread
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
• Invented in 1793
• Removed seeds from cotton
• Before, seeds had to be removed by hand
• Took a lot of time
• Cotton Gin allowed for the cleaning of 10X more cotton per day
Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom
• Was invented in 1785
• New loom made weaving much faster
• Ran on waterpower
• In 1813 - 2000 looms were in use in English factories
• By 1833, 100,000 looms were in use
Industry Grows and Spreads
•
To help transport goods faster from place to place engineers
built:
• Durable roads
• Canals
• Railroads
Roads
•
A Scottish engineer, John McAdam, invented a better
way to build roads
•
First layered the roadbed with large rocks
•
Next, smooth a layer of crushed rock over the first layer
•
Process was called the “Macadam” surface
Canals
•
Canals are human made waterways
•
Networks of canals were built in England
•
Over 4000 miles of inland waterways were constructed
•
Lowered the cost of transporting raw materials to the factories
Railroads
•
The inventors of the railroad locomotive put the steam
engine on wheels
•
Richard Trevithick invented a small powerful steam engine
which pulled a cart along tracks in 1804
•
George Stephenson built 1st railroad line in 1821
•
Was 27 miles long
•
Called his steam engine the “Rocket”
•
Ran 24 miles per hour
Far Reaching Effects of the Railroad
•
Railroads encouraged industrial growth
•
Were a fast, cheap way to transport raw materials and products
•
Provided new jobs
•
Boosted agriculture
•
•
It was easier to transport goods (milk, fruit, etc.) to distant cities
Made travel easier
Factories Grew Out of Cottage Industries
• New machines were too large to be used in homes
• Wealthy merchants set up machines in large buildings
• Buildings became known as factories
• Factory = a large building where goods are produced
• Most machines ran off of water
• Looms and spinning wheels
• Every factory had to be built near rushing water
• Locations were often inconvenient
• Cotton cloth became popular
• Most British cotton came from America
• Cotton production increased
•1791: 9000 bales
•1831: 987,000 bales
Industrial Revolution Changed Lives
•
Industrial Revolution spread to other countries
•
Growth of factories brought people to the cities
•
Working conditions in factories began to improve
•
Middle class social structure grew
•
Social tensions began to build between the different classes