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Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
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OC-SBT081-CP01-05
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
 SEP – SBT081 – Unit 01
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Credits
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Academic Inputs by
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Arun Punaji More.
M.Sc. (Microbiology)
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Experience: 11 Years
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[email protected]
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
How to Use This Resource
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Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver
lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.
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Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should
follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.
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Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should
be provided to each student.
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Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which
could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance
knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end
exam.
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Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.
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Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end
exam.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Learning Objectives
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After studying this module, you should be able to:
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Describe characteristics of fungi.
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Describe the characteristics of slime mould.
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Describe the differentiating features of moulds and slime
mould.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Introduction-1
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We have observed many a times breads with
fine green or black lawn fibrous growth of
organism or spoiling of pickles by whitish fibrous
growth of organisms on the surface layer of
pickle.
Many times you might have enjoyed the
delicious mushroom pulao and mushroom pizza
that your mother have prepared for you.
By the time you finished reading the above
sentence you might have guessed that the
fibrous growth spoiling the pickles and breads
and the mushroom in your pizza are nothing but
members of fungi.
Let us see more interesting characteristics and
their feats of fungi in more details.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Fungi-1
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The members of fungi share many
common features with plant, animal cells
and protozoa.
For example animal cells, plant cells and
fungi are grouped as eukaryotic cells.
Like protozoa, fungi are
chemoheterotrophic.
However the fungi differ from plant cells
in that that the plant cells contain
chlorophylls whereas the fungi do not
contain chlorophylls.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Fungi-2
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Many fungi are used as foods. For
example mushroom and truffles.
Many fungi are used to prepare foods such
as breads, some cheese and beverages
such as soy sauce, citric acid and alcoholic
drinks.
Many fungi are utilized as research tools.
For example the Saccharomyces
cerevisiae is used in genetic engineering
to produce recombinant strains of this
yeast to manufacture many human
proteins and some viral vaccine such
Hepatitis B vaccine.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Characteristics of Fungi-1
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The kingdom fungi is classified under the
domain Eukarya.
The members of fungi are eukaryotic cells.
The fungi differ from animal cells in that
that they possess cell wall.
The characteristic feature of fungi is that
their cell wall contain chitin, a nitrogenous
complex polysaccharides.
Being heterotrophs, fungi play crucial role
in the maintaining ecological balance by
decomposing dead plant and animals
recycling their nutrients.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Characteristics of Fungi-2
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They differ from plant cells in that that they do
not possess chlorophyll pigments.
The unicellular members of fungi differ from
prokaryotes in that that they lack peptidoglycan
in their cell walls; but their cell wall contain
chitin, a nitrogenous polysaccharide.
Some members of fungi are unicellular; whereas
some members of fungi are multicellular present
in mycelial forms.
Some members of fungi, for example, can be
present in more that one forms; such fungi are
called as dimorphic fungi.
Yeast is example of dimorphic fungi.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Characteristics of Fungi-3
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Reproduction of Fungi:Unicellular fungi reproduce by budding.
Mycelial fungi reproduce asexual as well as
sexually by forming spores.
Asexual spores depending upon their mode of
development are classified as follow:
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Sporangiospores:- developed inside the sac called
as sporagium.
Chlamydospores:- developed inside the thick cell
of hypae.
Conidiospore:- developed on the tip of hypae.
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Types of conidiospores:
 Arthrospores – developed by fragmentation of hypae.
 Blastoconidia-- developed as buds on tips of hypae.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Characteristics of Fungi-4
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Reproduction of Fungi:Sexual spores formation occur when
positive and negative hypae fuse together
forming dikaryon, cell containing two
positive and negative nuclei.
In the dikaryon the positive and negative
nuclei recombine to form a single diploid
nucleus after some time.
The diploid cells then undergo meiosis
forming haploid nuclei which are
surrounded by cytoplasm forming spores.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Classification of Fungi-1
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The fungi are divided into four divisions.
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Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycetes
The first three divisions are on the basis
types of sexual spores produced by the
fungi; whereas the fourth division has no
known sexual stage.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Classification of Fungi-2
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Zygomycota:
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Example of zygomycota is black bread molds
such as Rhizopus and Nigricans.
The members of zygomycota reproduce by
sexual as well as asexual mode.
In asexual mode of reproduction, asexual
spores are produced called as
sporangiospores.
In sexual mode of reproduction, sexual spores
are produced called as zygospores.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Classification of Fungi-3
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Ascomycota:
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Examples of ascomycota are penicillium which
produces antibiotic called as penicillin and
saccharomyces which produces alcohols from
sugars.
Truffle, the edible underground mushroom
and pink bread molds, Neurospora are
another examples of ascomycota.
The Neurospora is used as genetic tool in
genetic engineering technology.
The members of ascomycota fungi produce
sexual spores in sac called as asci.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Classification of Fungi-4
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Following figure show budding yeasts of
saccharomyces.
Fig: saccharomyces
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Classification of Fungi-5
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Aspergillus, One of the member of
ascomycota produce conidiospores on
the tip of hypae as shown below.
Fig: Conidiospores of Aspergillus
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Classification of Fungi-6
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Basidiomycota:
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The edible and poisonous mushrooms are
member of basidiomycota.
Cryptococcus neoformans, the important
fungal species pathogenic to humans, is also
one of the members of basidiomycota.
The basidiomycetes fungi reproduce by
producing sexual spores called as
basidiospores.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Classification of Fungi-7
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Deuteromycetes:
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The sexual stage of these fungi is unknown.
However the rRNA analysis of these fungi
shows that they are genetically similar to the
members of ascomycota.
Trichophyton, one of the members of
deuteromycetes is medically important
pathogenic fungi which causes ringworms to
humans.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Slime Molds-1
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Slime molds are organism which look very
similar to the mycelial fungi but differ
from the true fungi in two ways.
The slime molds do not possess cell wall
like true fungi.
The slime molds up- take their foods by
the process of phagocytosis or
endocytosis.
The members of slime molds are excellent
tools used in the study of molecular
biology and developmental biology.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Slime Molds-2
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Two major groups of slime molds are:
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Acellular slime molds
Cellular slime molds
Acellular slime molds:
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They are also called as plasmodial slime
molds. They can move like amoeba.
They feed on bacteria and organic debris by
phagocytosing them.
Plasmmodium is example of acellular slime
mold.
Plasmodium produce haploid spores in
sporangium.
The haploid spore germinate to produce
swimming myxamoebae in water.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Slime Molds-3
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Cellular molds:
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The cellular molds are all haploid organism.
Cellular molds live as haploid individual cell
called as myxamoeba.
Myxamoebae feed themselves by
phagocytosing yeast, bacteria and dead
organic matter.
The myxamoebae reproduce by mitosis and
cytokinesis.
Dictyostelium is example of cellular mold.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Slime Molds-4
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The picture of plasmodial slime mold is
shown below.
This slime mold do not possess cell wall;
they can form the mass of protoplasm
having numerous nuclei in it called as
plasmodium.
Fig: Plasmodium of slime mold, Physarum
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Slime Molds-5
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In the sexual life cycle of plasmodial
slime mold, diploid adult cells form
sporangia in which haploid spores are
produced; during the favorable condition
the spore germinate into amoeboid or
flagellated cells.
Fig: sporangia containing haploid spores of slime mold Stemonitis
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
What We learn...
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Definition of Fungi
General characteristics of fungi.
Classification of fungi.
General characteristics of slime molds.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Critical Thinking Questions
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Why the slime molds are not called as
true fungi?
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Hints for Critical Thinking Questions
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Definition of fungi not completely
applicable to slime molds.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Study Tips
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Book
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Title: Microbiology
Author: Robert W Bauman
Publication: Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco
Book
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Title: Microbiology, An Introduction
Author: Tortora and et al.
Publication: Pearson education, Singapore
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End of the Presentation
Thank You!
© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
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