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- Exploring social networks The Third Entity in the Dyad: The Relationship Diana Jones Presented at Sunbelt Conference, Vancouver April 2006 INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 [email protected] © Diana Jones Historical Development of SNA –The Key Players KEY Harvard Moreno Mathematics Anthropology + Mathematics Anthropology Psychology Sociology SNA Working in Same field Influence on © Diana Jones The Interdisciplinary Foundations of SNA Social Economics -Harvard HomansSociology Warne r Hawthorne Studies Mayo Busines s Social Psychology Moreno ARROW KEY Influence of individual Influence of entire field Mathematics Anthropology Gluckman Harary (Michigan Lazarsfeld (Manchester) Mitchell Uni) Barnes Nadel Bott Psychology Sociology Lewin Köhler White (Harvard) Lee Granovetter SNA Burt INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 Wellman Freeman Borgatti (INSNA) ANZPA Conference, Brisbane. January, 2006 Cross © Diana Jones Exploring the relationship between the dyad……… Assists us explore,integrate, and build a body of knowledge on working with Isolates Structural Holes One way relationships Negative relationships, the ‘choose not to…….’ INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 © Diana Jones - Tele the flow of feeling between people People are: • attracted to one another on specific criteria; like molecules of hydrogen and oxygen • repulsed; or move away from one another, similar to magnetic poles, or oil and water • neutral, i.e. don’t have a sense of the other. (Think of falling in love with someone who doesn’t know you exist - they might just prefer to have coffee with you.) (Moreno 1953; Moreno 1987; Moreno 2000) INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 © Diana Jones Mutual positive relationship B chooses C on this criteria/question, and C chooses B Symmetrical Mutual, Reciprocal B C The relationship is of mutual benefit to both actors Asymmetrical B A Non-mutual, One way This relationship is of benefit to B, A’s response to B is unclear. A may be unaware of B, be negative to B on the criteria or question being explored. Expert networks are often characterised in this way A INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 © Diana Jones Third option: what is the relationship between this dyad? Is this relationship a structural hole? C A Are the A and C aware of one another? Do A and C not choose one another on the criteria being researched B INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 What is the significance of this to the work of this group? © Diana Jones Collecting social network data 1. Questions typically asked in networks are: •Who do you go to for information….. •Who do you go to for decisions on ….. •Who do you go to for expert advice on….. •Who do you rely on to assist you get your work done….. 2. Elicit a structural response related to job function, wherea •Who do you go to for advice…. •Who do you trust to…… •Who do you discuss work concerns with……… •Who do you discuss and explore innovations with……… •Who do you go to to find out what’s happening in the organisation? 3. © Diana Jones Go to the heart of the socio-emotional networks of the groups you are working with. Case Study Criterion for exploration in this group: “who in this group do I trust to solve a work problem with me, so we enhance consistency and quality in our organisation?” INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 © Diana Jones Formal Organisation Chart General Manager Business Support Manager TL 7 Staff (6 Permanent, TL 6 Staff Business Support Business Support Manager TL 1 Temp) 15 Staff (10 Permanent, 5 Temp) TL 12 Staff (6 Permanent, 6 Temp) TL 7 Staff (6 Permanent, 1 Temp) TL 6 Staff TL 7 Staff (6 Permanent, TL 4 Staff (3 Permanent, TL 10 Staff (All Temps) TL 8 Staff (7 Permanent, TL 8 Staff (7 Permanent, TL 4 Staff KEY Sites 1, 2 and 3 1 Temp) 1 Temp) 1 Temp) Management Team, located at Site 4 Site 4 1 Temp) INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 Site45 Site © Diana Jones Group Statistics Density: Group Size: 17 Potential Ties: 272 Actual Ties: 143 Density: 53% Average number of positive choices made/received: Range of positive choices received: Range of positive choices made: 9 3-15 4-16 Average number of negative choices made/received: Range of negative choices received: Range of negative choices made: 2 0-7 0-8 Average number of mutual positive choices: Range of mutual positive choices: 6 2-12 INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 © Diana Jones All Positive Choices KEY Sites 1, 2 and 3 Management Team, located at Site 4 Site 4 Density of positive relationships is 53% INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 Site 5 © Diana Jones All Positive Mutual Choices There is a density of 46% of mutual relationships. This accounts for the strong work ethic with the group.If we now look at one of these dyads, what do we discover? KEY Sites 1, 2 and 3 Management Team, located at Site 4 Site 4 Site 5 INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 © Diana Jones A mutual negative Choice While positive mutual relationships are the glue in groups, negative choices are a natural aspect of group life. In looking at this group there appeared to be a high number of negative choices. The one relationship we are considering here shows a mutual negative relationship. This means both people did not choose the other with the criteria: who in this group do I trust to solve a work problem with me, so we enhance consistency and quality in our organisation?” This relationship of not choosing, is not displayed on the sociogram. However, a powerful force remains between these two people, affecting the group. Participants in this exploration received their individual choices, and many shared their reasons for choosing or not choosing one another. As a result participants developed clearer perceptions of what constituted trust and collaboration in this group and in doing so a number of people developed positive relationships with more colleagues. INSNA Sunbelt April 2006 © Diana Jones Summary •Looking at only positive choices on criteria provides a small part of the relationship picture Wise judgment and group facilitation skills are needed when gathering data, exploring and displaying negative choices When SNAers researcher need to have clear agreements with participants on the purposes data is being collected for, how it will be used and who will see what is generated. © Diana Jones Diana Jones www.orgdev.co.nz www.sociometry.co.nz [email protected] +64 4 499 5559 © Diana Jones