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Introduction to Animals Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity Chapter 25 Chapter 26.1 Introduction to Animals Chapter 25 Characteristics of Animals • • • • • Kingdom – Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Lack cell wall Types of Animals • Invertebrates –Lack backbone or vertebral column –95% of animals –Sea stars, worms, jellyfish, insects •Chordates Exhibit four characteristics during at least one stage of life – Dorsal, hollow nerve cord – Notochord – Tail that extends beyond anus – Pharyngeal pouches Lancelet • Chordates with backbones = Vertebrates –Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals What Animals Do to Survive 1. Maintain homeostasis by gathering and responding to information – Feedback inhibition 2. Obtain and distribute oxygen and nutrients 3. Collect and eliminate CO2 and waste 4. Reproduce Animal Development Animals have a wide variety of forms. The following developmental factors determine the body plan: Levels of organization : cells, tissue, organ, organ systems Arrangement of Germ layers: differentiate into different tissue types: • Endoderm (inner): digestive tract • mesoderm (middle): muscles, blood • ectoderm (outer): skin, nervous system Development, cont. Overall Patterns of Embryological Development – Protostomes • Blastopore becomes mouth • Most invertebrates – Deuterostomes • Blastopore becomes anus • Chordates, Echinoderms (sea stars) Development, cont. Body Cavity Formation Coelom – completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm Acoelom – lack a body cavity Pseudocoelom – partially lined with mesoderm Development, cont. Body symmetry: • Radial –body parts extend from a central point –Divides into equal halves • Bilateral –Right and left sides are mirror images of each other –Distinct anterior and posterior ends and dorsal and ventral sides Segmentation – Repeating Parts – Worms, insects, vertebrates Cephalization – concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at anterior end (head) Limb Formation – Legs, Flippers, Wings Cladogram of Animals • Phyla defined by: – Adult body plans – Patterns of embryological development • Ex. Phylum Arthropoda – Body plan bilateral symmetry – Segmentation – Cephalization – External skeleton – Jointed legs Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity • Cladogram of invertebrates determined by – evolutionary relationships among major groups – sequence of evolution of important features • Sponges – Phylum: Porifera (“pore bearers”) – Most ancient member of kingdom Animalia – Multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell walls, contain few specialized cells – Clade Metazoa • Cnidarians – jellyfishes, sea fans, sea anemones, hydras, corals – Aquatic, soft-bodied, carnivorous, radially symmetrical, stinging tentacles around mouths – Simplest animals with body symmetry and specialized tissues • Nematoda (Roundworms) – Unsegmented worms – Pseudocoeloms – Specialized tissues and organs – Digestive tract with two openings • Platyhelminthes – Flatworms – Soft – Unsegmented – Have tissues and internal organ systems – Bilateral symmetry – Cephalization – Do not have coeloms • Annelids – earthworms, some marine worms, leeches – Segmented bodies – True coelom lined with tissue derived from mesoderm • Arthropods – Phylum: Arthropoda – spiders, centipedes, insects, crustaceans – Bodies divided into segments – Exoskeleton – Cephalization – Jointed appendages • Mollusks – – – – Phylum: Mollusca – snails, slugs, clams, squids, octopi Soft-bodied Internal or external shell True coeloms surrounded by mesoderm and complex organ systems – Free-swimming larva • Echinoderms – Phylum: Echinodermata – sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars – Spiny skin – Internal skeleton – Water vascular system – used for walking and gripping prey – Five-part radial symmetry Other Hexacorallia Order: Class: Other Cnidaria Phylum: Sub-kingdom: Kingdom: Other invert. Chordates Animals Hexacorallia Cnidaria Invertebrates R. daphneae