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Transcript
Plant Types/ Parts and Functions Plants: Grouped by characteristics • Vascular – Three main parts: roots, stems and leaves • Roots can be different sizes: – Fibrous and tap roots • Storage roots; beets, carrots, sweet potatoes and turnips – Roots have different functions: anchoring the plant, taking in water and minerals, and store food. • Nonvascular – Simple; most grow in moist places – No vascular tissues. Two Types of Plants • Angiosperms are fruit or flower bearing. • Gymnosperms are naked seeds and cone bearing. Angiosperms – Two Groups: Monocots and Dicots Parts of The Plant • Roots • Leaves • Stem • Flower • Seed Image found at: www.webinstituteforteachers.org Roots • 2 Types of Root Systems – Taproot – Fibrous System Image found at: http://www.puc.edu Roots Taproot System Primary roots grow down from the stem with some secondary roots forming Image found at: http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu Roots Fibrous Root System Small lateral roots that spread out just below the soil surface Image found at: www.wildmanstevebrill.com Can you identify these root types? Root Functions Roots have 4 primary functions • Absorption of water and nutrients – performed by root hairs • Transportation of water and nutrients to stem • Anchor plant to maintain stability • Store food and water Parts of the Root • Epidermis – Outermost layer of cells, like the skin of the root • Cortex – Tissue inside epidermis that stores starch and other substances for the growth of the root Parts of the Root • Root Cap – Provides protection for the root tip • Root Hairs – Site of absorption Image found at: www.cactus-art.biz • Vascular Tissue – Within cortex, contains cells that transport water, nutrients, and minerals to all parts of the plant Image found at: www.bio.psu.edu Important Functions of Leaves • Photosynthesis – Process that plants use to produce their food – 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Transpiration – Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide Leaf Parts • Blade – Main body of leaf • Petiole – Attaches blade to stem • Midrib – Large central vein Image found at: www.yourdictionary.com Leaf Parts • Apex – Tip of leaf • Base – Attaches to petiole – if petiole is absent, attaches directly to stem • Margin – Edge of leaf • Epidermis – “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange • Stomata – Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange • Mesophyll – Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs Functions of the Stem • Transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves • Supports leaves, fruit, and flowers • Food storage Image found at: www.karencarr.com Parts of the Stem • Node – Areas where side branches and leaves develop • Internode – Area between nodes • Xylem – Carries nutrients up • Phloem – Carries nutrients down • Pith – Stores food Image found at: www.ext.colostate.edu Flower Function Sexual Reproduction!!!! • Flowers are pollinated by: – Wind – Insects – Birds Flower Parts • Pistil – Female part of plant – Containing: • Stigma • Style • Ovary Image found at: www.howe.k12.ok.us Flower Parts • Stamen – Male reproductive part – Contains • Anther • Filament Image found at: www.botanyworld.com Flower Parts • Petals – Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume and/or nectar glands • Sepals – Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower bud Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu Parts of the Seed • Embryo – Growing part of seed containing: • Plumule – “Shoot” • Hypocotyl – Stem • Radical – “Root” • Endosperm – Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed • Cotyledon – Food Storage • Seed Coat – Protective outer covering of the seed Parts of the Seed Image found at: www.puc.edu Pollination • Flowering plants use the wind, insects, bats, birds and mammals to transfer pollen from the male (stamen) part of the flower to the female (stigma) part of the flower. Pollination • A flower is pollinated when a pollen grain lands on its stigma. • Each carpel grows into a fruit which contains the seeds. Fertilisation • Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, growing down the style to reach an ovule. • Fertilised ovules develop into seeds. • The carpel enlarges to form the flesh of the fruit and to protect the ovary. Wind pollination • Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attract insects. • They do have stamens and carpels. • These flowers are pollinated by the wind. Seed dispersal Seeds are dispersed in many different ways: • Wind • Explosion • Water • Animals • Birds • Scatter How birds and animals help seed dispersal • Some seeds are hidden in the ground as a winter store. • Some fruits have hooks on them and cling to fur or clothes. How birds and animals help seed dispersal • Birds and animals eat the fruits and excrete the seeds away from the parent plant. Physical Adaptations Allowing Plants to Survive on Land • Cuticle – waxy covering of leaf for water loss protection • Spores and Seeds – reproductive cell protection • Tissue for absorbing and transporting materials • Spines and needles making ingestion difficult. • Storing water in stem as a cactus does. Cuticle Waxy coating preventing water loss Seeds Embryo surrounded by a protective coating Moss (Spores) Haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard outer wall Foxglove plant produces a chemical affecting the heart Poison Ivy Chemical Adaptations Allowing Plants to Survive • Chemicals that are toxic and can kill organisms eating them – Foul odor – Bitter taste – Toxicity