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The Civil War
(1861-1865)
Part 1: The Civil War Starts
A. What event started the Civil War?
 April 1861: the southern attack on the federal
(Union) fort at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South
Carolina
B. When did the Upper South secede?
 When they realized Lincoln would use force
 Upper South: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
 Confederate capital moves to Richmond, Virginia
 Western Virginia remains loyal to the Union

West Virginia becomes a state in 1863
Part 2: Advantages and Disadvantages of
the North & the South
A. Advantages for the North
 Military
 22 million from which to draw from (5.5 million in the South)
 800,000 immigrants from which to draw from
 180,000 free slaves who served during the war
A. Advantages for the North
 Economic
 Controlled most of the banking in the United States
 Controlled 85% of the factories
 Controlled 70% of the railroads
 Controlled 65% of the farmlands
 Political
 Well established central government
 Experienced political leaders with popular support
B. Advantages for the South
 Military
 Only had to fight a defensive war (North had to conquer)
 Short distances to move supplies
 Difficult coastline to blockade
 Great military leaders and troop morale (Lee and Jackson)
B. Advantages for the South
 Economic
 “King Cotton” diplomacy
 Political
 Desire for independence provided strong motivation to fight
Part 3: Military Strategy
A. Union Strategy
 Blockade southern ports to prevent supplies from
reaching the South
 Divide the Confederacy in two by taking control of
the Mississippi River
 Raise an army of 500,000 to take Richmond
 Later…war of attrition (Grant)

wear the South down with constant pressure and casualties
B. Confederate Strategy
 Gain foreign recognition and aid
 “King Cotton” diplomacy
 Utilize advantage in military leadership
 Prevent the Union from conquering the South
Check Point
Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it
was learned that
A. Lincoln had ordered the fort reinforced with
federal troops
B. Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort
C. the fort’s commander was planning to evacuate
his troops secretly from the fort
D. Lincoln had call for 75,000 militia troops to
form a voluntary Union army
E. southern support for secession was weakening
When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential
election, people in South Carolina
A. waited to see how other southern states would act
B. were very upset because they would have to secede
from the Union
C. vowed to give their loyalty to Stephen Douglas
D. rejoiced because it gave them an excuse to secede
E. accepted the democratic process and vowed to
support Lincoln
The Border states offered all of the following
advantages EXCEPT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a large population
a good supply of horses and mules
valuable manufacturing capacity
shipbuilding facilities
large navigable rivers
Lincoln’s declaration that the North sought to
preserve the Union with or without slavery
A. came as a disappointment to most Northerners
and demoralized the Union
B. revealed the influence of the Border states on
his policies
C. caused some seceded states to rejoin the Union
D. contradicted the campaign promises of the
Republican party
E. cost him support in the Butternut region of
Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
To achieve its independence, the Confederacy had to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
invade the Union
win a decisive military victory on its own soil
fight the invading Union army to a draw
attract more talented military commanders
capture Washington, DC
As the Civil War began, the South seemed to have
the advantage of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
greater ability to wage offensive warfare
more talented military leaders
superior industrial capabilities
superior transportation facilities
a more united public opinion
The South believed that the British would come to its
aid because
A.
B.
C.
D.
the people in Britain would demand such action
British Canada was strongly hostile to the Union
Britain still had slavery in its empire
the government had refused to allow Uncle Tom’s
Cabin to be sold in the empire
E. Britain was dependent on Southern cotton
Part 4:
Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy
A. “King Cotton” Diplomacy
 The South’s idea that because cotton was so
important to the British and French, it (the South)
could gain official recognition from those countries
and receive direct aid for the Southern war effort
B. Did the British side with the South?
 Britain came extremely close to siding with the South
 Trent Affair of 1861
Confederate diplomats traveling on the British steamer the Trent
were seized by the Union Navy, removed from the Trent and taken
as POWs
 British threatened war on the Union unless diplomats were
released
 President Lincoln releases them
 Diplomats failed to gain British recognition of the Confederacy

C. Why did “King Cotton” diplomacy fail?
 Because the British could get cotton from Egypt and
India to offset shortages of Southern cotton
 Because Lee lost a major battle at Antietam
 Because the Emancipation Proclamation appealed to
the British masses (who hated slavery)
Part 5: Emancipation and
African-Americans
A. Why was Lincoln hesitant to end slavery?
 He wanted to keep support of the border states
 He had always said slavery in the South was
protected by the Constitution
 He knew that many Northerners were racist
 He fared if he acted too fast he’d lose the re-election
of 1864 and emancipation would be overturned
B. Early Northern policy about slavery
 Considered contraband (enemy property that could
be “seized”)


Confiscation Act of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1862
C. What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
 Lincoln’s declaration that freed all slaves in those
states that were in rebellion (encouraged border
states to free slaves and compensate slave owners)
D. Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation ?
 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation for
military reasons (war wasn’t going well for the North
during 1862-1863)
E. What were the consequences of the Proclamation?
 Committed the government to abolish slavery
 Enlarged the purpose of the war (not only to save the
Union now it was to end slavery)
 Motivated slaves to revolt
 Motivated blacks to join the Northern Army
F. Did the Proclamation actually motivate slaves and free blacks to fight?
 YES
 25% of slaves in the South fled behind advancing Northern
army lines


Placed increased burden on Southern society
200,000 African-Americans served in the Union Army
Segregated into all black units
 Most famous: Massachusetts 54th Regiment

G. What fully emancipated EVERY slave in the US?
 Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution
 Some phrases in the Constitution legitimize slavery
 To free ALL slaves (in the South and in border states),
Constitution had to be amended (changed)
 Thirteenth Amendment passed in December 1865
Part 6: The Effects of the Civil
War on Civilian Life
A. Political Changes
 Restriction of civil liberties
 President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus (could
be arrested without being informed of charges; held without
trial)
A. Political Changes
 Implementation of the draft
 Conscription Act of 1863 (North): all men 20-45 eligible for
draft; could avoid if you found a sub or paid $300

New York City Draft Riots of 1863: poor, mostly Irish-Americans;
attacked blacks and rich whites; 117 killed
 New definitions of “union” and “democracy”
 Union: supremacy of federal government over states FINALLY
accepted as fact
 Democracy: US truly seen as leader in democracy in the world
with emancipation of slaves
B. Economic Changes
 Economic Hardships
 North sold bonds, raised tariffs, implemented excise taxes,
instituted first income tax, printed Greenbacks (no gold to
back it) that caused inflation
B. Economic Changes
 Accelerated industrial growth of the North
 Concentrated wealth in the hands of new millionaires who
would finance industrialization after the war
 Made manufacturers more efficient (mass production)
 New laws promoted growth
Morrill Tariff Act
 Homestead Act
 Morrill Land Grant
 Pacific Railway Act

C. Social Changes
 Women
 Filled vacuum left by men on plantations and in factories
 Opened field of nursing to women
 Momentum given to suffrage movement because of important
role women played in the war
 African-Americans
 13th Amendment: officially abolished slavery
 Created tension between freed slaves and poor whites
Check Point
When it was issued in 1863, the Emancipation
Proclamation declared free only those slaves in
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
the Border states
slave states that remained loyal to the Union
United States territories
states still in rebellion against the United States
areas controlled by the Union army
In 1861, the North went to war with the South
primarily to
A. liberate the slaves
B. prevent European powers from meddling in
American affairs
C. preserve the Union
D. avenge political defeats and insults inflicted by
the South
E. forestall a Southern invasion of the North
When the Emancipation Proclamation was issued at
the beginning of 1863, its immediate effect was to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
end the Civil War
abolish slavery
free slaves held in the border states
alienate Britain and France
strengthen the moral cause of the Union
During the Civil War, the Republican Party passed
legislation promoting economic development concerning all
of the following EXCEPT the
A. granting of government subsidies to encourage the
export of manufactured goods
B. establishment of a high tariff to protect American
industry from foreign competition
C. organization of a national banking system to provide a
uniform national currency
D. provision of government loans and land grants to
private companies to construct a transcontinental
railroad
E. passage of the Homestead Act
The greatest weakness of the South during the Civil
War was its
A.
B.
C.
D.
military leadership
navy
slave population
economy
The North’s greatest strength in the Civil War was its
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ethnic unity
military leadership
navy
high morale
economy
A supposed asset for the South at the beginning of
the Civil War that never materialized to its real
advantage was
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
effective military leadership
intervention from Britain and France
the fighting skill of Southern males
its ability to fight on its own soil
its belief that it was defending its way of life
During the Civil War, Britain and the United States
were nearly provoked into war by
A. the incompetence of Charles Francis Adams, the
United States ambassador to London
B. Britain’s refusal to observe the Union’s blockade
of Southern ports
C. the Trent affair, involving the removal of
Southern diplomats from a British ship
D. Napoleon III’s effort to place Maximilian on the
Mexican throne
E. British working-class support for the South
A victory at Antietam probably would have won
Confederate independence because
A. the Union armies were already heavily
demoralized
B. France and Britain were on the verge of
recognizing the Confederate government
C. the Republicans would have lost the subsequent
congressional elections
D. Lincoln would have been unable to issue the
Emancipation Proclamation
E. the Border states would have joined the
Confederacy
The North’s victory at Antietam allowed President
Lincoln to
A.
B.
C.
D.
issue the Emancipation Proclamation
seek military assistance from Great Britain
force the Border states to remain in the Union
keep General McClellan as commander of the
Union forces
E. suppress Copperhead opposition in the North
Part 7: Lincoln’s Assassination
A. Assassination of President Lincoln
 April 1865 (one week after Lee surrenders at Appomattox)
 John Wilkes Booth kills Lincoln at Ford’s Theater
 Booth was a disgruntled southerner
 Others aided in the conspiracy