Download The Reformation

The Reformation
The Spread of Protestantism
Chapter 1 Section 3 Vocabulary
• Indulgence- in the Roman Catholic
Church, pardon for sins committed during
a person’s lifetime.
• Recant- to give up one’s views or beliefs
• Predestination- idea that God long ago
determined who will gain salvation.
• Theocracy- a government run by religious
leaders.
Events That Led To The
Reformation
Pope
Alexander VI
• Political, theological trouble in
the medieval Church
• Avignon Papacy and the Great
Schism
• Increasing secularization of
the Church
• Concern over papal and
clerical behavior
• Social, political, and cultural
shifts (including the
Renaissance and humanism)
Christian humanist
scholar Erasmus of
Rotterdam
Great Continental Reformers
Indulgences
A 15th-century indulgence
• Indulgences: Church
pardons from
temporal (earthly)
punishment for sin
• Indulgences drew
upon excessive
“good works” of the
saints and clergy
• Indulgences could be
sold so that the
Church could
generate revenue
Martin Luther: “Here I Stand”
•
His early life prompted him
to join the clergy and he
became a monk in the
German State of Wittenberg
•
Tetzel’s indulgences of
1517 pushed Luther to
“protest”
Martin
Luther
Johann
Tetzel
An indulgence sold by Tetzel
St. Peter’s Cathedral
Luther Responds
Reproduction of Luther’s 95 Theses covering
the doors of the church in Wittenberg
• Sir Thomas More and Erasmus
of Rotterdam had both
protested indulgences earlier
• October 31, 1517: Luther
registers his protest
• The 95 Theses outlined his
complaints against the
Catholic Church
• He did not intend to leave the
Church—he was merely
hoping to spark debate and
spur reform
Major Concepts in the 95
Theses
Outward acts do
not demonstrate
inner repentance
Love and charity are
more valuable to a
person than an
indulgence
Repentance is a
work of the heart,
not a “act” one
performs
Indulgences
demonstrate that the
Church is no longer
“fishing for men” –
instead they are
“fishing for riches”
Indulgences do not
free people from the
penalties of sin
The Pope does not
have the authority to
remit the penalties of
sin
More time should
be spent on
preaching the
Word and less on
preaching
indulgences
The Pope’s Response
• The Pope assured Luther that
indulgences were not for
“forgiveness”
• This did not satisfy Luther—he
asserted that the Pope was not
infallible
• The Pope could not afford to
abandon indulgences
• The Pope and Luther argued
back and forth for four years
Pope Leo X
Chronology of Luther’s Move From
Catholic Priest to Reformation
Father
Place traditionally believed
to be where Luther burned
the Papal Bull of
excommunication
1517
Luther posts
95 Theses
1519 Leipzig
Debate
1518
Diet of Augsburg
1521
Diet of Worms
1520
Luther is
excommunicated
The Diet of Worms
“I am bound by the scriptures I
have quoted and my conscience is
captive to the Word of God. I
cannot and I will not retract
anything, since it is neither safe
nor right to go against
conscience. I cannot do
otherwise, here I stand, may God
help me. Amen.”
Charles V
—Martin Luther, in response to
Charles V’s inquiry
Luther in Hiding
• Luther’s refusal to
recant infuriated
Charles V, who
forbade any changes
to religion (making it
a matter of the state)
and declared Luther
an outlaw
• Luther hid out at
Wartburg Castle
• Returned to
Wittenberg in 1522
Luther’s room at Wartburg Castle
Luther and His New Church
Wittenberg Church
• In 1522, Luther returned to
Wittenberg and organized his
reformed church
• The university of Wittenberg
became the center for his
ideas
• Students who came to the
university helped spread his
ideas beyond Wittenberg
• Nuremberg was the first city
to convert to Lutheranism
(1525)
The Peasant Revolt,
1524–1525
• Peasant
dissatisfaction over
social, political, and
economic conditions
• Revolted against the
upper classes—
burned castles and
monasteries
• Looked to Luther for
support
• Against the
Murdering, Thieving
Hordes of Peasants
The Peasant Revolt (continued)
• Luther did not believe in violent
social revolution
• This assertion increased
political support for his religious
movement
• In May 1525, the German
princes put down the revolt in a
bloody confrontation at
Frankenhausen
• This resulted in the mingling of
church and state
• Luther came to rely on local
princes for protection and
guidance
Depiction of Luther preaching against the
Peasant Revolt
Luther’s Theological Views
Direct access to God
“Priesthood of the believer”
Salvation by grace and faith
alone
Women were responsible for
their own salvation
Sola Scriptura
Only two sacraments
No icon, saint, or relic
worship
Denied the special position
of the clergy
Clerical marriage was
acceptable
Princes should be the head
of the local church
No papal infallibility
Services in the vernacular
John Calvin
John Calvin
• Second generation
reformer
• Fearing persecution, he
fled France for
Switzerland, first to Basel
and then to Geneva
• He established his
ministry in Geneva and
hoped to create a
theocracy
Calvin’s Theological Ideas
Justification by
faith alone
Rejected humanlike images
of God
Value in
hard work
No certainty
of salvation
Predestination
Church was to
preach and
administer
sacraments
Consubstantiation
Emphasis on
God’s sovereignty
and obedience
Collective
communal
discipline
Predestination
Calvin believed it was based on the understanding of the elect
Total Depravity
Unconditional Election
Limited Atonement
Irresistible Grace
Perseverance of the Saints
Calvin’s Ministry in Geneva
Calvin preaching in Geneva
• City Council
accepted and
implemented his
teachings
• Created the
Consistory, a body
for enforcing
discipline
• Enforced a strict
moral code
Calvin’s Moral Code
Designed to promote communal morality
• No plays, dancing, or
drinking
• Penalty for praising the Pope
• Fortune telling banned
• Consistory determined who
could marry
• Meted out punishments for
merchants who cheated
customers
• Penalties for laughing during a
sermon or failing to take
communion
• Taverns banned—cafes were
permitted if a Bible was
present and lewd songs and
playing cards were forbidden
• Consistory legislated daily
behavior, like how many dishes
could be served at each meal or
what color of clothes a person
could wear
Spread of Calvinism
• Geneva became the
“Protestant Rome”
• Calvin replaced Luther as
the international figure of
Protestantism because of
his accessibility
• John Knox introduced
Calvinism to Scotland
• French Calvinists:
Huguenots
• Spread to the Netherlands
John Knox