Download File

Review Notes #8
Human Systems
Organization
• Cells – basic unit of living things, each have
specific function.
• Tissue – small group of cells acting together.
• Ex. Muscle, blood, skin.
• Organ – large group of tissues working together
• Ex. Heart has blood, muscle, and nerve tissue
• Organ system – group of organs working
together.
• All body systems work together to maintain
homeostasis
Skeletal System
• Supports and protects
the body and organs.
• Bones are hard strong
material.
• Cartilage is the flexible
material between
bones that acts as a
cushion.
• Joints are where bones
are connected to other
bones.
• 3 types – see diagram
Tendons and Ligaments
• Tendons – Attach
muscle to bone
so that the
muscle can move.
• Ligaments attach bone to
bone.
Muscular System
• Muscle tissues
contract to move
bones or organs.
• Voluntary muscle –
moved by your will.
• Provide locomotion
• Involuntary Muscle –
called smooth
muscles, move
without us thinking
about it.
• Ex. Heart and blood
vessels.
The Nervous System
• Brain – receives and
interprets nerve
impulses.
• Controls voluntary and
involuntary muscles.
• Spinal Chord – channels
impulses to and from
brain
• Controls reflexes.
• Nerves – provides
communication between
all organs and tissues.
The Endocrine System
• Made up of glands
• A gland is an organ
that secretes
hormones.
• Ex. Adrenaline
Gland.
• Endocrine and
nervous system
allow the body to
respond to stimuli.
The Digestive System
• Breaks down food that can be
absorbed and carried to cells.
• The digestive tract is the path
through which food travel.
• Mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large
intestine.
• Accessory organs produce
digestive juices to help
breakdown food.
• Ex. Pancreas, liver,
gallbladder
Digestive System cont’d
• Food is physically
broken down by
chewing and
chemically broken
down by digestive
juices.
• Most nutrients are
absorbed in the
small intestine.
• Solid waste is
passed through the
large intestine.
The Circulatory System
• Transports
materials via blood.
• Carries oxygen,
nutrients, and water
to cells.
• Carries carbon
dioxide and waste
away from the cells.
The Blood
• Blood contains
plasma, red and
white blood cells
and platelets.
• Red blood cells
contain hemoglobin
which carries
oxygen to the cells.
The Heart
• The heart is a muscle
which pumps blood
through out the body.
• In the lungs it receives
oxygen and gets rid of
carbon dioxide.
• Oxygenated blood
returns to the heart
and is pumped to the
rest of the body.
Blood Vessels
• Arteries – carry blood
away from the heart.
• Veins – returns blood to
the heart.
• Capillaries - connect
veins and arteries.
• Capillaries allow
nutrients to pass
through them into other
cells of the body.
The Respiratory System
• This system takes in
oxygen so that the
cells may undergo
respiration.
• Oxygen is combined
with digested food and
is burned to produce
energy.
• This system gets rid of
the carbon dioxide
produced.
Respiratory Path
• When you inhale,
air enters through
the nose or mouth,
through the
trachea, into the
bronchi, into tiny air
sacs in the lungs
that are surrounded
by capillaries.
• At these capillaries,
gases are
exchanged.
The Excretory System
• Removes waste from
the body.
• Lungs – rid the body
of water vapor and
carbon dioxide when
exhaling.
• The skin – Removes
waste when you
perspire through the
pores in your skin.
More Excretory System
• Liver- removes harmful
substances from the
blood and produces
urea. Urea is sent to the
kidneys.
• The Kidneys – filter out
excess water, salt, and
urea from the blood.
• This makes up urine
which is sent to the
bladder and excreted.