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World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP* Sixth Edition
Chapter
15
The World in 1450:
Changing Balance of
World Power
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Focus of this chapter
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
While far from being the global world of today, the world
of 1450 was becoming increasingly global- The text
refers to a process of proto-globalization
Some of the most advanced cultures of the earth either
were in decline or chose to pull back from global
interaction- Who would assume the role of global mixmaster?
Measuring balance of power: How can historians
assess the global balance of power?
History and identity: Do we in America become
partisans of western history? What is the cost of
atoning for a tradition of Euro-centrism in world history
Periodization- How do historians organize periods of
history?
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World to Europe in 1450
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
States and non-States- 1450
• Notice that most of the earth was not organized under
sedentary states with established governments
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The World in 1750
• Notice how European states would assume
sovereignty over the non-state lands of 1450
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Transformation in Islamic Culture
• Significant political shifts in the Islamic Heartland
(Middle East and North Africa)
– Mongols shattered the political power of Arab power
in most of the Asiatic Middle East (preserved in north
Africa via Mamlukes in Egypt)
– The Turks would assume political control of the
Islamic Heartland by 1500- through 1918
• Byzantine Empire declines and disappears as a
state by 1453 (Constantinople falls to Turks)
• Islam continued to be an important identity for
most people in the region- Reform movements
and desire to return to a golden age of the
Abasaids
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Decline of Islamic
Rationalism
• Islamic traditions of supporting and
advancing Greek rationalism declined
–
–
–
–
Sufi movement grows- emotional union with God
God beyond human reason
Exploration in material science declined
Muslim Spain stood apart from this tradition
 Very important in Spanish culture though viewed as
cultural enemies by Christian Spain- Identity and history
 Muslims driven from Spain by 1492
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Ming China at a Crossroads
• Ming Dynasty restored Chinese rule to China (1368 to
16440
– Expanded and secured borders
– Revived Tang Dynasty dynamism
• A great wave of exploration might have changed the
course of history…
– Might the Americas been populated by Chinese rather
than European immigrants?
– Might Buddhism rather than Christianity become the
world’s most common religion?
– Might it be an over-populated Europe trying to catch up
with the material wealth of China or a Sinified America?
– Might the capital of Ohio be Zheng He?
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Interesting and Impossible
Questions
• These questions are significant…
– China embarked on a period of exploration early
in the Ming Dynasty (1405-1433)
– Chinese exploration would bring a significantly
greater amount of resources to the problem of
exploration than any single of combination of
European states could marshal
• These questions are impossible…
– Answers to counterfactual questions can not be
supported with evidence.
– History is the result of an infinite rage of causes,
not just one or two
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Ming Outreach
• Muslim imperial eunuch Zheng He commanded a
huge fleet that explored and traded an expansive
area on the Indian Ocean
• May have ventured to the Americas- Scholars alter
suppressed Zheng He’s travelogue
• Trade and tribute gathered from India and Africa
• Largest and most sophisticated ships at the time
• At this time, Europeans were venturing cautious
routes along Africa’s north-west coast
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Voyages of Zheng He
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Comparison: Zheng He and
Columbus
• Zheng He’s fleet
– 62 ships
– 28,000 men
• Columbus’ fleet
– 3 ships (much smaller than
Zheng’s treasurer ships
– 88 men
• The historical impact of
these voyages defies the
commitment of resources
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Ming Outreach Interrupted
• Many factors worked against the
continuation of Ming exploration
– Costs- Ming were more interested in defense
against Mongols and building new capital on
Beijing
– Confucian scholars felt threatened by
expansion- reports were repressed
– Low status of merchants and trade
• Chinese merchants would range southeast
Asia, but without state support
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The West and the World on the
Eve of Early Modern History
• The decline of feudal power at the hands of
monarchs created increasingly centralized
states and state bureaucracies
– Eclipsing secular authority of church
– Centralizing resources
– Alliance with mercantile class- support of trade
rather than landed wealth
• Rivalries between states- military and support
of mercantile interests
• Continuing proselytizing spirit of Christianity
– Push back Islam
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Impact on External History on
Europe’s Emerging National States
• Mongol Empire connected Europe to
technologies of the east
– Printing press
– Gun powder
– Magnetic compass
• Taste for eastern luxuries and European gold
drain
• Decline of Pax Mongolia of Central Eurasia
and rise of Ottoman power generated
economic interest in new trade routes
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Europe’s Access to Global
Recources ca 1450
• Europe’s access to desired resources was indirect
in 1450
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The intellectual Movement
Supporting Europe’s Global Rise
• The rise of trade and interest in the material (as compared to
spiritual) aspects of life generated the intellectual movement
known as the Renaissance
•
•
•
Renaissance (rebirth) belief that European intellectual life had died
following the decline of classical civilization rebirth of classical
values
Did not mark an abandonment of Christian values
Focus on the experience of life on earth- humanism
• Began in Italy-near classical core and where trade was most
developed
– A movement in arts and literature as well as other intellectual
pursuits
– Impacted upper classes and government more than the masses
– Italian city-states provided the model adopted by many emerging
nations of Europe
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Italy, Iberia and the Western Navigation
• The nations of Iberia (Spain and Portugal)
would be the first European states to lead
trans-oceanic exploration in Europe
– United by a common religious identity vis a vis
Muslim rule- Reconquista
– Both states were compelled to expand against
their Muslim neighbors
• Need to gather and develop the technological
and geographic knowledge to support
navigation beyond coastline
– Both states would draw upon Italian navigators
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Henry the Navigator
• Portuguese prince became a patron of navigation innovation
• Motivation
– Scientific and intellectual (he was a student of astronomy and
navigation)
– Practical/ financial
– Religious
• Outcome
– Portuguese discover and develop island colonies off the coast of
Africa
 Models for future colonial expansion (particularly sugar plantations run
on slave labor)
 Success motivated more exploration
• Focus on reaching eastern riches by sailing around Africa
– Achieved by Vasco da Gama by 1498 with help from Arab
navigators in east Africa
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Success: A Water Route to the
East
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Eve of the European Age
• The seeds of a European Age of World History
were sown
– Mercantile spirit supported by the resources of
increasingly unified states
– Emerging intellectual confidence and global
outlook by elites
– Concentration of technical and geographic
knowledge
• China turns back from exploration and the
Middle East becomes less innovative and
outward
• Visualizing the Past p 341- What does this tell
us about the global balance of power?
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Other Emerging Oceanic
Networks
• The Polynesian Expansion
– Last inhabitable islands of the vast Pacific
found and settled by Polynesian colonists
 Settlers brought their cultures to distant islands
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Assuming the Mandate of Heaven:
The Yuan Dynasty
• Mongol conquest of the remainder of China
took nearly 50 years (1235-1279)
• Established his capital at Dadu (Now Beijing)
• Attempted to retain separate culture for ruling
Mongols while respecting Chinese culture
– Independence of Mongol women a particular
contrast with Chinese gender patterns during the
Song dynasty
– Supported merchants and trade (traditionally held
in low esteem by Confucianists)
• Opened Chinese more to the rest of the world
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Yuan Dynasty
• Mongols ruled most all of contemporary
China as the Yuan dynasty from 1279 to
1368
• Confucian trained scholars continued to
advise the Yuan emperors but Ethnic
Chinese had a direct hand in only local affairs
• Most Chinese never accepted Mongol rule
(they were seen as outsiders)
• Mongol leaders of China would eventually
become Buddhists but all religions tolerated
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
A Western View of the Yuan:
Marco Polo
• Kublai Khan’s policy of openness and
engagement along with Pax Mongolia
permitted Venetian merchant Marco Polo
to live in China for decades as an advisor
to the emperor
• Polo’s book about his travels incited
Europe’s
• Reading activity: Marco Polo
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The End of Yuan China
• Chinese scholar-gentry looked at
Yuan government as barbarian
usurpers
• Mongol’s failed attempts to seize
Japan weakened image of Mongol
invincibility
• Corruption and high taxes support
popular discontent
• Rebellion led by poor peasant
(orphaned and wandering beggar)
Zhu Yanzhang Emperor Hongwu
reestablish Chinese role- Ming
Dynasty (1368-1644)
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Population and the Mandate of
Heaven
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Mongols and the Human Web
• Mongols created a unity and order in Eurasia in a
remarkably short period of time
• Created the political space for interaction between
all of Eurasia’s major civilizations
• Promoted trade of products and ideas between
cultures
• Mongols had little direct cultural impact on peoples
they ruled or dominated
• Decline of Mongol’s Eurasian order would inspire
Europeans to find sea routes to the east
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Timur and the Last Nomadic
Disruption
• Turkic group from Central Asia responsible
for the last major Nomadic incursion in World
History
– Tamerlane (Timer the Lame) led an invasion from
modern Uzbekistan to conquer Mesopotamia,
Persia, Northern India, Syria
– Unmatched in brutality until 20th Century
– Brief violent reign had little long-term impact
• Political developments and technology would
limit the impact of future pastoral intrusions
on settled societies- impact local
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.