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PRODUCING PLANTS
CHAPTER 9
AGRISCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
TWO TYPES OF CELL
DIVISION
• MITOSIS - The number of cells in a plant
increase as the cells divide.
• CELL CYCLE - This is the sequence of
events that occur in a cell from one mitosis
to the next.
THREE PHASES OF A CELL
CYCLE
• Phase 1 : Interphase - Cell is growing and
increasing in size.
• Phase 2 : Mitosis - Two nuclei are formed.
• Phase 3 : Cytokinesis - The original cell
begins to split and make two cells.
TWO TYPES OF GROWTH IN
PLANTS
• PRIMARY GROWTH - When a plant gets
taller;sometimes referred to as “linear
growth”.
• SECONDARY GROWTH - Increases the
diameter of stems and roots. In a tree this
would produce “annual rings”.
TYPES OF WOOD IN A TREE
• SAPWOOD - It is the xylem that is two to
four years old. Color of sapwood is lighter
or white.
• HEARTWOOD - Innermost xylem in a
tree. Color is darker than sapwood.
WHY PLANTS GROW:
HORMONES
• AUXIN - Controls stem growth and
regulates fruit development.
• GIBBERELLINS - Affects stem and leaf
growth, fruit development, flowering, cell
division and other plant activities.
• CYTOKINS - Promote cell division.
WHY PLANTS GROW
HORMONES (CONT.)
• ETHYLENE - Causes potato tubers to
sprout, pineapples to flower, fruit to ripen
and leaves to fall off plants.
• ABSCISIC ACID - Helps regulate plant
functions and promotes hardiness. Also is
responsible for dropping of leaves and fruit.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Process by which plants make food.
• Major product of photosynthesis is sugar;
known as glucose.
• Plants need the following for photosynthesis
• 1. Chlorophyll
2. Sunlight
• 3. Carbon Dioxide 4. Water
• Photosynthesis produces two products :
oxygen and sugar
RESPIRATION
• Occurs in living cells when energy is
burned.
• Waste products are given off - carbon
dioxide and water.
• Respiration takes place in the dark
TRANSPIRATION
• Loss of water from a plant.
• Most water is lost through the leaves.
• A tree may transpire as much as 80 gallons
of water in one day.
• Water goes out of leaves through stomata.
REASONS WHY PLANTS
WILT
•
•
•
•
•
DRY SOIL
DAMAGE TO ROOT SYSTEM
DISEASE
TOO MUCH WATER
TOO MUCH FERTLILIZER
WAYS TO AVOID TOO MUCH
WATER LOSS
• AVOID DAMAGING ROOTS
• PLANT DROUGHT-TOLERANT
SPECIES
• FALLOWING
• NO-TILL CULTURE
• MULCH
• TERRACING
• IRRIGATION
MAJOR PLANT NUTRIENTS
NEEDED
• NITROGEN- Makes leaves healthy and
green.
• PHOSPHORUS- Is needed for seed
germination and stimulates flowering.
• POTASSIUM- Needed for healthy plants
and tolerant of changes in weather; also
needed for seed and fruit size.
MAJOR NITROGEN
FERTILIZERS
•
•
•
•
•
Ammonium Nitrate - 33 % nitrogen
Anhydrous Ammonia - 82% nitrogen
Urea - 45 % nitrogen
Sodium Nitrate - 16 % nitrogen
** Legume plants have the ability to
manufacture their own nitrogen from the air
and put it into nodules that grow on their
roots.
FACTORS THAT AFFECTS
THE KIND AND AMOUNT OF
FERTILIZER TO USE
• The requirements of the crop that will be
grown
• The nutrients available in the soil
• Existing soil pH
• Whether or not the soil is acidic or basic
STEPS IN SOIL TESTING
• SAMPLING - Collect at a depth of 4-6
inches at several places in a field.
• SAMPLE ANALYSIS - Determining the
amount of nutrients needed.
• INTERPRETING RESULTS - Compare
the test results to the needs of the crop to be
grown.
TYPES OF FERTILIZER
• DRY FERTILIZER - Pellets or granules
• LIQUID FERTILIZER - Dissolved in water
and sprayed on the soil.
NUMBERS ON A FERTILIZER
BAG
• FIRST NUMBER - % Nitrogen (N)
• SECOND NUMBER - % Phosphorus
(P205)
• THIRD NUMBER - % Potash (K20)
• *** A fertilizer bag that is 5-10-20 contains:
• 5 % Nitrogen
• 10 % Phosphorus
• 20 % Potash
TYPES OF FERTILIZER
PLACEMENT
• Pre-planting Application - Before the crop
is planted.
• Planting Application - Apply as the crop is
being planted.
• Post-planting Application - Applied after the
crop is up and growing; known as top
dressing or side-dressing.
RULES TO FOLLOW WHEN
APPLYING FERTILIZER
• Use recommended kind and amount.
• Apply fertilizer only when it is needed.
• Store fertilizer in dry places where nutrients
won’t be lost
• Clean equipment after it is used.
• Wear protective clothing and wash after
handling or using fertilizer.