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Vocabulary- the key to understanding this stuff Correlation An apparent association between certain factors or variables For example, there is a positive correlation between medical care and life expectancy Causation When a change in one variable causes a change in another variable For example, when the temperature drops below 32 degrees, water freezes Politics A struggle for power That gives the winners the ability to make decisions affecting others Who gets what, when, and how Nation A group of people Psychological sense of identity Based on cultural, geographic, or linguistic ties The State Institutions, people, and groups Have the power to effect change Has monopoly of force Over territory Regime Fundamental norms and rules Established by administrations over time Sovereignty •A state’s ability to carry out actions independently Legitimacy •Generally accepted view that the government has the right to rule •Traditional--the right to rule, because “it has always been that way.” •Charismatic--rule based on personality •Rational-legal--based on a widely accepted system of laws and procedures Democracy A system of government where people choose policymakers in free, regular, competitive elections Illiberal--procedural (holds elections) but without civil rights and liberties Liberal--political competition, accountability, civil rights and liberties Institutions Structures, how they are set up and how they shape the political decision making process – – – – Executive Legislative Judicial Bureaucracy FPTP/SMD First past the post, single member district – Winner-take-all – The winner gets the one seat available in an election (one person is elected to represent each district) – Plurality –the highest number of votes among competing candidates – House of Commons, US Congress Proportional Representation Votes for parties, rather than candidates Parties are represented in legislature according to percentage of votes received Parties select office holders based on candidate lists Corporatism A system of formal interest-group participation in the states’ decision-making processes Key groups in society-especially business and labor- should negotiate directly with government officials to work out the country’s principal economic and social welfare policies – When business, labor, and the government work closely in policymaking This limits the influence of smaller groups Cooptation Granting favors in exchange for a benefit “Buying off” critics Cleavages Factors that separate groups Cross-cutting--a division that includes people with differences, strengthening society Coinciding--a division that strengthens feelings of difference and discrepancy, weakening society Political Culture History Values Beliefs Traditions Influencing political behavior Political Socialization The means by which citizens learn about government and the political process How people get their ideas about government and acquire their values about the political process Neo liberal Economics Classical liberal economics- Focus on the free marketstate should strictly be limited – Few restrictions on business … property rights strictly guaranteed Neo liberal economics – Mixed economy that combines private enterprise and a large economic role for the state