2017 Country Review
... manumission, or gained freedom by default (for example after a planter became too old or poor to maintain a complement of slaves in the standard manner). A gradually increasing contingent of mulattos, the offspring of plantation owners and slave women, also settled among the free blacks. In all, the ...
... manumission, or gained freedom by default (for example after a planter became too old or poor to maintain a complement of slaves in the standard manner). A gradually increasing contingent of mulattos, the offspring of plantation owners and slave women, also settled among the free blacks. In all, the ...
2017 Country Review
... Supplementary sources: Africa Confidential, Alexander Lopasic, Barbara Cooper, Britannica Online and the University of Pennsylvania. ...
... Supplementary sources: Africa Confidential, Alexander Lopasic, Barbara Cooper, Britannica Online and the University of Pennsylvania. ...
Eritrea - Country Watch
... Having defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea, EPLF troops took control of their homeland. Later that month, the United States chaired talks in London to formalize the end of the war. Four major combatant groups, including the EPLF, attended these talks. A high-level U.S. delegation was also prese ...
... Having defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea, EPLF troops took control of their homeland. Later that month, the United States chaired talks in London to formalize the end of the war. Four major combatant groups, including the EPLF, attended these talks. A high-level U.S. delegation was also prese ...
Morocco - Country Watch
... the constitution. This development was seen as a standard of Morocco's increasing democratization. On Sept. 13, 1996, a draft of a new constitution was adopted by referendum, providing for its Houses of Representatives. By 1997, the political parties and the ruling authorities in Morocco signed join ...
... the constitution. This development was seen as a standard of Morocco's increasing democratization. On Sept. 13, 1996, a draft of a new constitution was adopted by referendum, providing for its Houses of Representatives. By 1997, the political parties and the ruling authorities in Morocco signed join ...
Colombia - Country Watch
... tobacco were the main export commodities. Social hierarchy in the colony was rigid, with the Spanish-born "penisulares" occu pying the highest government positions, and the criollos (those of Spanish ancestry born in the colonies) holding the second-tier positions in government and trade. The "mesti ...
... tobacco were the main export commodities. Social hierarchy in the colony was rigid, with the Spanish-born "penisulares" occu pying the highest government positions, and the criollos (those of Spanish ancestry born in the colonies) holding the second-tier positions in government and trade. The "mesti ...
Development Studies and Global Political Economy
... o Politics of the EU (L97 3094) o Topics in Politics: Democracy: Causes and Consequences (L32 3171) o Democracy: Causes & Consequences (L32 3180) o Comparative European Politics (L32 321) o Latin American Politics (L97 326B) o Modern South Asian Politics (L32 3293) o Topics in Politics: Theories of ...
... o Politics of the EU (L97 3094) o Topics in Politics: Democracy: Causes and Consequences (L32 3171) o Democracy: Causes & Consequences (L32 3180) o Comparative European Politics (L32 321) o Latin American Politics (L97 326B) o Modern South Asian Politics (L32 3293) o Topics in Politics: Theories of ...
Table of Contents
... one step short of full independence. A succession of Nevisian political movements and parties, generally advocating considerable autonomy for the island and often outright secession from St. Kitts, were also formed in the late pre-independence period. New global political alignments, and rising poli ...
... one step short of full independence. A succession of Nevisian political movements and parties, generally advocating considerable autonomy for the island and often outright secession from St. Kitts, were also formed in the late pre-independence period. New global political alignments, and rising poli ...
Bhutan - Country Watch
... that only those Nepalese immigrants who could show they had resided in Bhutan for 15 or 20 years (depending on occupational status), and met other criteria, might be considered for grants of citizenship by nationalization. An earlier law, passed in 1958, had granted Bhutanese citizenship to Nepalese ...
... that only those Nepalese immigrants who could show they had resided in Bhutan for 15 or 20 years (depending on occupational status), and met other criteria, might be considered for grants of citizenship by nationalization. An earlier law, passed in 1958, had granted Bhutanese citizenship to Nepalese ...
Table of Contents
... discovered that he was involved with people being investigated for a $500 million financial scandal. São Tomé treasury bonds were confiscated when three men were arrested in Belgium for illegal financial activity. The bonds were discovered to have been released without authorization. Former Central ...
... discovered that he was involved with people being investigated for a $500 million financial scandal. São Tomé treasury bonds were confiscated when three men were arrested in Belgium for illegal financial activity. The bonds were discovered to have been released without authorization. Former Central ...
Uganda - Country Watch
... Uganda in the 1830s, they found several African kingdoms with well-developed political institutions dating back several centuries. These traders were followed in the 1860s by British explorers searching for the source of the Nile River. Britain quickly became dominant force in eastern Africa, and Ug ...
... Uganda in the 1830s, they found several African kingdoms with well-developed political institutions dating back several centuries. These traders were followed in the 1860s by British explorers searching for the source of the Nile River. Britain quickly became dominant force in eastern Africa, and Ug ...
Tools for what trade? Analysing the Utilisation of Economic
... In-depth discussion with researchers, experts and operators involved in the development of economic tools for biodiversity has been a major input to this book, so we are indebted to many friends and colleagues. First on our list is Raphaël Billé. As director of IDDRI’s biodiversity program and with ...
... In-depth discussion with researchers, experts and operators involved in the development of economic tools for biodiversity has been a major input to this book, so we are indebted to many friends and colleagues. First on our list is Raphaël Billé. As director of IDDRI’s biodiversity program and with ...
Moral Inscriptions: Politics and the Rhetoric of Responsibility
... pedagogy has informed the way I look at the world. I am the lucky beneficiary of Alyson’s thoughtful mentorship and continued advocacy. This project would not have been possible without her ongoing intellectual and professional support. Though there are a number of friends and colleagues who have pl ...
... pedagogy has informed the way I look at the world. I am the lucky beneficiary of Alyson’s thoughtful mentorship and continued advocacy. This project would not have been possible without her ongoing intellectual and professional support. Though there are a number of friends and colleagues who have pl ...
Ecuador - Country Watch
... Note on History: In certain entries, open source content from the State Department Background Notes and Country Guides have been used. A full listing of sources is available in the Bibliography. ...
... Note on History: In certain entries, open source content from the State Department Background Notes and Country Guides have been used. A full listing of sources is available in the Bibliography. ...
Lithuania - Country Watch
... had become clear that Western intervention in Russia could not restore the Russian Empire and that the communists were firmly entrenched in Moscow. Independent Lithuania, led by political leaders mostly in their thirties or early forties, became a democratic republic with a strong legislature, a wea ...
... had become clear that Western intervention in Russia could not restore the Russian Empire and that the communists were firmly entrenched in Moscow. Independent Lithuania, led by political leaders mostly in their thirties or early forties, became a democratic republic with a strong legislature, a wea ...
Capital and community - Marxists Internet Archive
... precede capitalist production: the periodization of human history. This was in perfect coherence with the doctrine: history is the only true science. This study did not see the light of day as a definitive work (it was abandoned to the gnawing criticism of mice). Marx and Engels were not excessively ...
... precede capitalist production: the periodization of human history. This was in perfect coherence with the doctrine: history is the only true science. This study did not see the light of day as a definitive work (it was abandoned to the gnawing criticism of mice). Marx and Engels were not excessively ...
Dominican Republic
... The island of Hispaniola was originally inhabited by the Taino people, a sub-group of the Arawak people who resided throughout the Caribbean and Central America. Said to have been quite peaceful, Taino society was based on a highly organized, paternal hierarchy, and its people subsided on fishing, s ...
... The island of Hispaniola was originally inhabited by the Taino people, a sub-group of the Arawak people who resided throughout the Caribbean and Central America. Said to have been quite peaceful, Taino society was based on a highly organized, paternal hierarchy, and its people subsided on fishing, s ...
Hayek, Mill and the Liberal Tradition
... that played a vitally important role in their thinking are either seriously underplayed in Hayek’s account or, rather worse, apparently ignored. Adding these key ideas (e.g., sympathy) to the Hayekian corpus leads to a rather broader understanding and conception of the liberal tradition than that us ...
... that played a vitally important role in their thinking are either seriously underplayed in Hayek’s account or, rather worse, apparently ignored. Adding these key ideas (e.g., sympathy) to the Hayekian corpus leads to a rather broader understanding and conception of the liberal tradition than that us ...
Brunei - Country Watch
... Together with neighboring ASEAN countries, Brunei has recently begun pursuing greater growth in the tourism industry. Tourism development will necessitate modernization of Brunei's infrastructure, which outside the capital and oil centers is comparatively antiquated-though this very fact appeals to ...
... Together with neighboring ASEAN countries, Brunei has recently begun pursuing greater growth in the tourism industry. Tourism development will necessitate modernization of Brunei's infrastructure, which outside the capital and oil centers is comparatively antiquated-though this very fact appeals to ...
A Liberal Theory of Federalism
... The superb editorial assistance of Thomas and, in particular, Tash could not have been more appreciated. Without their great efforts, my natural tendency towards a sloppy lack of attention to detail would have been embarrassingly obvious. Notwithstanding the invaluable suggestions and editorial assi ...
... The superb editorial assistance of Thomas and, in particular, Tash could not have been more appreciated. Without their great efforts, my natural tendency towards a sloppy lack of attention to detail would have been embarrassingly obvious. Notwithstanding the invaluable suggestions and editorial assi ...
Panama - Country Watch
... An enormous engineering triumph, the fifty-mile lock Canal was completed in 1914. It has been Panama's economic base ever since. With the signing of the Hay/Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1903, Panama became a virtual protectorate of the United States (U.S.). Indeed, relations with the U.S. have been a pri ...
... An enormous engineering triumph, the fifty-mile lock Canal was completed in 1914. It has been Panama's economic base ever since. With the signing of the Hay/Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1903, Panama became a virtual protectorate of the United States (U.S.). Indeed, relations with the U.S. have been a pri ...
THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE FREE TRADE AREA OF... AMERICAS: A CASE STUDY IN COUNTER-HEGEMONY
... this outcome highlights the economic asymmetries and the lack of economic interdependence between the participating states. In view of these structural impediments, based on original field interviews and extensive document analysis, the author goes a step further and argues that these factors were e ...
... this outcome highlights the economic asymmetries and the lack of economic interdependence between the participating states. In view of these structural impediments, based on original field interviews and extensive document analysis, the author goes a step further and argues that these factors were e ...
Concepts of Tourism Yield and Their Measurement
... national level. It clarifies the different concepts of tourism yield. Different stakeholders (operators, governments, community, researchers etc.) mean different things by ‘yield’ and this presents a barrier to communication and policy discussion. Each of these concepts is defined and their relevanc ...
... national level. It clarifies the different concepts of tourism yield. Different stakeholders (operators, governments, community, researchers etc.) mean different things by ‘yield’ and this presents a barrier to communication and policy discussion. Each of these concepts is defined and their relevanc ...
CESifo Working Paper 4708
... social security systems, poverty, social injustice and diminishing size and scope of government – because of increasing competition between individuals, firms, governments and countries (e.g., Wood 1995, 1998; Stiglitz 2002, 2004; Heine and Thakur 2011). The end of the Cold War and rapid economic gr ...
... social security systems, poverty, social injustice and diminishing size and scope of government – because of increasing competition between individuals, firms, governments and countries (e.g., Wood 1995, 1998; Stiglitz 2002, 2004; Heine and Thakur 2011). The end of the Cold War and rapid economic gr ...
The Trope as Trap: Ideology Revisited1
... opinion, to conceive of it in a way that minimises the ‘elitist’ danger, without however rejecting the possibility that at some moments some people are indeed less blinded than others to the way things ‘really are’. Apart from these two problems, there is the issue of the concept’s historicity, alre ...
... opinion, to conceive of it in a way that minimises the ‘elitist’ danger, without however rejecting the possibility that at some moments some people are indeed less blinded than others to the way things ‘really are’. Apart from these two problems, there is the issue of the concept’s historicity, alre ...
Embedded liberalism
Embedded liberalism is a term for the global economic system and the associated international political orientation as it existed from the end of World War II to the 1970s. The system was set up to support a combination of free trade with the freedom for states to enhance their provision of welfare and to regulate their economies to reduce unemployment. The term was first used by the American political scientist John Ruggie in 1982.Mainstream scholars generally describe embedded liberalism as involving a compromise between two desirable but partially conflicting objectives. The first objective was to revive free trade. Before World War I, international trade formed a large portion of global GDP, but the classical liberal order which supported it had been damaged by war and by the Great Depression of the 1930s. The second objective was to allow national governments the freedom to provide generous welfare programmes and to intervene in their economies to maintain full employment. This second objective was considered to be incompatible with a full return to the free market system as it had existed in the late 19th century—mainly because with a free market in international capital, investors could easily withdraw money from nations that tried to implement interventionist and redistributive policies.The resulting compromise was embodied in the Bretton Woods system, which was launched at the end of World War II. The system was liberal in that it aimed to set up an open system of international trade in goods and services, facilitated by semi fixed exchange rates. Yet it also aimed to ""embed"" market forces into a framework where they could be regulated by national governments, with states able to control international capital flows by means of capital controls. New global multilateral institutions were created to support the new framework, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.When Ruggie coined the phrase embedded liberalism, he was building on earlier work by Karl Polanyi, who had introduced the concept of markets becoming ""dis-embedded"" from society during the 19th century. Polanyi went on to propose that the ""re-embedding"" of markets would be a central task for the architects of the post war world order, and this was largely enacted as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference. In the 1950s and 1960s, the global economy prospered under embedded liberalism, with growth more rapid than before or since. Yet the system was to break down in the 1970s.